The energy spectrum associated with scattering of 100 keV H+ ions from the outermost few atomic layers of Cu(111) in different scattering geometries provides direct evidence of trajectory-dependent electronic energy loss. Theoretical simulations, combining standard Monte Carlo calculations of the elastic scattering trajectories with coupled-channel calculations to describe inner-shell ionizatio...

The energy losses and spectra of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) are calculated for protons as primary particles. The attention is given to the energy losses due to electron-positron production in collisions with the microwave 2.73 K photons. The energy spectra are calculated for several models, which differ by production spectra and by source distribution, namely: (i) Uniform distributio...

In a fully deregulated energy market a number of Transmission System Operators (TSOs) may be involved in a transaction. Losses related to a transaction need to be evaluated in real time, to facilitate the Gencos to supply the losses. This will also enable a TSO to plan the network operation in order to minimize the losses. Evaluation of extent of use of a transmission path by a transaction will...

The flow field and energetic efficiency of total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) models have been studied by both in vitro experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). All the previous CFD studies have employed the structured mesh generation method to create the TCPC simulation model. In this study, a realistic TCPC model with complete anatomical features was numerically simulated using b...

Annual electricity distribution losses average 4% in the European Union. These losses represent 7 billion Euros in annual waste. New regulations are forcing electrical distributors to enhance efficiency across their networks. Network operators are also challenged to integrate alternative energy generation and electric vehicles into their grids. This paper offers a strategy for leveraging smart ...