The tradeoff between energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) under the smart grid with joint energy harvesting and grid power supply is considered. The price factor in economics is used to propose the economic EE and SE. Then a new EE-SE tradeoff metric called the EE-SE adaptive tradeoff (ESAT) is built under the fluctuating harvesting energy. Furthermore, the offline optimization p...

With energy resource scarcity and energy crisis in the world, energy efficiency has become a subject of great importance. In warm and humid climates as well as cold and mountainous ones, annual energy consumption is too high to achieve desirable living conditions in built environments, and hence energy efficiency measures and practices in such buildings is of utmost priority. Given the direct r...

The energy efficiency, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and carbon efficiency of paddy rice production were analysed in Sari in the Mazandaran province of Iran during 2011–2012. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with paddy producers. The results showed that the net energy gain was 27,932 MJ ha-1 and energy efficiency was 1.83 during production. The results o...

The building sector accumulates approximately a third of the final energy consumption. Consequently, the improvement of the energy efficiency in buildings has become an essential instrument in the energy policies to ensure the energy supply in the mid to long term moreover is the most cost-effective strategy available for reducing carbon dioxide emissions This paper is studying the main objecti...