BACKGROUND Pancreatic islet encapsulation is one way to address the disadvantages of islet transplantation. Not only does encapsulation involve bidirectional diffusion of nutrients, oxygen, and glucose, but also it protects the graft from the recipient's immune reaction. The high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), one of higher expression proteins in islet, can be secreted from transplanted islets a...

Launchbury and Peyton Jones came up with an ingenious idea for embedding regions of imperative programming in a pure functional language like Haskell. The key idea was based on a simple modification of Hindley-Milner’s type system. Our first contribution is to propose a more natural encapsulation construct exploiting higher-order kinds, which achieves the same encapsulation effect, but avoids t...

This document describes a set of Extension Headers for the Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation (ULE), RFC 4326. The Extension Header formats specified in this document define extensions appropriate to both ULE and the Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE) for the second-generation framing structure defined by the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) family of specifications.

This document specifies an alternative encapsulation of the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), referred to as DCCP-UDP. This encapsulation allows DCCP to be carried through the current generation of Network Address Translation (NAT) middleboxes without modification of those middleboxes. This document also updates the Session Description Protocol (SDP) information for DCCP defined in R...

Nanoparticles of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are widely used as drug delivery systems for the administration of biomolecules like proteins. The purpose of this work is to validate a novel formulation method by a phase separation phenomenon using the non-toxic solvent glycofurol (GF) in order to encapsulate proteins into PLGA nanoparticle...

Resistance to aspirin and its cytotoxicity significantly limits its therapeutic applications. Nano-liposomal encapsulation of aspirin can reduce its cytotoxicity. In this study, aspirin encapsulated nano-liposomes (AS-NL) was prepared and its performance in drug delivery and cytotoxicity was evaluated. The effects of two independent variables including: number of freeze/thawing cycles and conce...

Background: Eptifibatide (Integrilin) is an intravenous (IV) peptide drug that selectively inhibits ligand binding to the platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor. It is an efficient peptide drug, however has a short half-life. Therefore, antithrombotic agents like eptifibatide are required to become improved with a protected and targeted delivery system such as using nano-liposomes to the site of thrombu...

The encapsulation of cisplatin by cucurbit[7]uril (Q[7]) and multinuclear platinum complexes linked via a 4,4'-dipyrazolylmethane (dpzm) ligand by Q[7] and cucurbit[8]uril (Q[8]) has been studied by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. The NMR studies suggest that some cisplatin binds in the cucurbituril cavity, while cis-[PtCl(NH3)2(H2O)]+ only binds at the portals. Alternatively, the dpz...

Imagine a computational system with a proprietary . . . database. Imagine that this device operates to map its characteristic inputs onto its characteristic outputs . . . and that, in the course of doing so, its informational resources are restricted to what its proprietary database contains. That is, the system is “encapsulated” with respect to information that is not in its database. . . . Th...

We discuss a framework in which the traditional features of objects (encapsulation, communication, etc.) are enhanced with synchronization and coordination facilities, using the declarative power of rules. We propose two interpretations of rules, one re-active and the other pro-active, corresponding to diierent kinds of interactions between the rules and the objects. Finally, we consider the pr...