This article sets out to explore the dynamics of play in three selected science-fiction novels by contemporary Scottish author Iain M. Banks. Drawing on typology literary designed German theoretician Wolfgang Iser, focuses particularly Banks’s second novel from Culture series, The Player Games (1988), concentrating ludic that inform and form these texts narrative, discursive thematic terms. Hig...

Unit Commitment is large scale short-term optimization problem, in which main objective is to schedule generation to minimize the total fuel cost, subjected to large number of constraints that must be satisfied. In this paper unit commitment problem is solved by using a new evolutionary algorithm known as imperialistic algorithm. In ICA the initial populations individuals (countries) are the co...