An analytic radiative-equilibrium model is formulated where both shortand longwave radiation are treated as two-stream (downand upward) fluxes. An equilibrium state is defined in the model by the vertical temperature profile. The sensitivity of any such state to the model atmosphere’s optical properties is formulated analytically. As an example, this general formulation is applied to a single-c...

[1] The amount of solar irradiance reaching the surface is a key parameter in the hydrological and energy cycles of the Earth’s climate. We analyze 20th Century simulations using nine state-of-the-art climate models and show that all models estimate a global annual mean reduction in downward surface solar radiation of 1–4 W/m at the same time that the globe warms by 0.4–0.7 C. In single forcing...

Several current problems in atmospheric radiation over the tropical oceans may have at least partial solutions as effects of diurnal variations of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). At issue are explanations for the following: a) excessively large amplitudes (in relation to theory) of the diurnal thermal tides over the tropical oceans (Braswell and Lindzen 1998); b) reported observations of exc...

The equation is deceptively simple, but there are significant problems associated with the calculation of F 0' F c' and N*. Our research program is directed at problems associated with each of the three terms. Nevertheless, we have focused our initial research on the clear-sky problem. Research on homogeneous and broken clouds problems will occupy more of our efforts during the next few years. ...

The outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) determines the net radiative heating of the earth's surface and atmosphere system. Variabilities of the TOA outgoing radiation depend on features of the earth's surface and atmosphere. The fundamental goal of the present study is to quantify the sensitivity of the outgoing radiation to those features in a sophisticated radiation model us...

Thermal variations in surface and atmosphere observed from multiple satellites prior to strong earthquakes have been widely reported ever since seismic thermal anomalies were discovered three decades ago. These changes are related stress accumulation caused by the tectonic activities final stage of earthquake preparation. In present paper, we focused on associated with 2021 Madoi M 7.3 China an...