A quantum knot model of mesons and baryons is established. This quantum knot model is derived from a quantum gauge model which is similar to the QCD gauge model. We first establish a knot model of the π mesons. We show that the π mesons are modeled by the prime knot 41 (which is assigned with the prime number 3). We show that the knot model of the π meson gives the strong interaction for the fo...

his paper presents the review on image edge detection by using particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm. The paper present the various works done by particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm in the field of digital image processing. By observing the previous works the two optimization algorithms particle swarm optimization algorithm and gravitational s...

The inertial (due to rotation) and the gravitational fields of the Earth affect the motion of an elementary particle and its spin dynamics. This influence is not negligible and should be taken into account in high-energy physics experiments. Earth’s influence is manifest in perturbations in the particle motion, in an additional precession of the spin, and in a change of the constitutive tensor ...

Quantum field theory (QFT) is the theory of elementary particles and their fundamental interactions. The very successful standard model which describes the electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions of the observed elementary particles does however not incorporate gravity. The quantisation of gravity (“quantum gravity”) is a very difficult problem which is presently still far from its soluti...

The approach to the analysis of the dynamic of non-equilibrium open systems within the framework of the laws of classical mechanics on the example of a hard-disks is offered. This approach was based on Hamilton and Liouville generalized equations which was deduced for the subsystems of the nonequilibrium system. With the help of generalized Liouville equation it was obtained that two types of d...

It is known that optical activities can perform rotations. It is shown that the rotation, if modulated by attenuations, can perform symmetry operations of Wigner’s little group which dictates the internal space-time symmetries of elementary particles.

One of the reasons provided for the shift away from an ontology for physical reality of material objects & properties towards one of physical structures & relations (Ontological Structural Realism: OntSR) is that the quantum-mechanical description of composite physical systems of similar elementary particles entails they are indiscernible. As material objects, they ‘whither away’, andwhen they ...

We give a short elementary proof of the well known identity ζ(2) = ∑∞ k=1 1/k 2 = π/6. The idea is to write the partial sums of the series as a telescoping sum and to estimate the error term. The proof is based on recursion relations between integrals obtained by integration by parts, and simple estimates. Introduction The aim of this note is to give a truly elementary proof of the identity

We show that the mass intervals among the pentaquark baryons Θ, N∗(1685) and Ξ− 3/2 proposed to be the members of the SU(3) antidecuplet are exact integral multiples of the mass difference between a neutral pion and a muon i.e. 29.318 MeV. This is in agreement with the general tendency of the mass differences among elementary particles to be close integral/half integral multiple of mass differe...