We investigate the sensitivity of the semileptonic processes e+e− → l−ν̄l q q̄′, l = e or μ, on the non-standard trilinear gauge couplings, using the optimal observables method at Linear Collider energies. Our study is based on the four-fermion generator ERATO. Taking into account all possible correlations between the different trilinear gauge coupling parameters, we show that they can be measure...

I have been asked to review the history of the formation of the Standard Model. It is natural to tell this story as a sequence of brilliant ideas and experiments, but here I will also talk about some of the misunderstandings and false starts that went along with this progress, and why some steps were not taken until long after they became possible. The study of what was not understood by scient...

During the past few years there haa accumulated so much experimental information on hyperons and heavy mesons that some of the many puzzling questions on these strange particles arebeing resolved. Under such circumstances one is often motivated to seek for an ordering principle by which one can understand why there are such particles as being known, why they are of such nature as being observed...

The mediators of the weak force—the W and Z bosons—are both roughly 100 times more massive than the proton, while the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic force, is massless. Based on symmetry principles, one would have expected the W , Z, and photon (collectively called gauge bosons) to all be massless. In order to generate the required symmetry breaking, one must invent a particular set...

According to modern physics, the mediators for all the fundamental forces of nature have spin S ≤ 2: photon for electrodynamics (S = 1), gluons for strong interactions (S = 1), bosons for the weak force (S = 1) and gravitons for the gravitational force (S = 2). Why? We show that the demand that the equations of a fundamental field are consistent in the classical limit (when quantum effects are ...

We establish the classical wave equation for a particle formed of a mass-less oscillatory elementary charge generally also traveling, and the resulting electromagnetic waves, of a generally Doppler-effected angular frequency ω, in the vacuum in three dimensions. We obtain from the solutions the total energy of the particle wave to be ε = ¯ h c ω, 2π¯ h c being a function expressed in wave-mediu...

Description of a new space geometry that allows explaining the existence of all stable physically scatterable particles solely from Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. This expanded space geometry leads to an electromagnetic mechanics of particles involving a seamless series of clearly defined interaction sequences providing an uninterrupted path of causality from 1) the unquantized quantities of...

Astrophysical observations originate from matter that interacts with radiation or transported particles. We develop a pragmatic approximation in order to enable multi-dimensional simulations with basic spectral radiative transfer when the available computational resources are not sufficient to solve the complete Boltzmann transport equation. The distribution function of the transported particle...