I have proposed a bottom-up technology utilising irradiation with active beams, such as electrons and ions, to achieve nanostructures size of 3–40 nm. This can be used nanotechnology that provides the desired structures, materials, phases at positions. Electron beam metastable θ-Al2O3, more than 1019 e/cm2s in transmission electron microscope (TEM), enables production oxide-free Al nanoparticle...