Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth & Jones) is the principal North American vector of bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV infection of livestock is distinctly seasonal (late summer and fall) in temperate regions of the world such as California, which has led to speculation regarding vertical transmission of the virus within the midge vector as a potential mechanism for interseasonal maintenance ("overwinteri...

Enteric viruses play an important role in the Brazilian poultry industry due to the economic impact of resulting low yields of broilers, layers, and breeders. The most common enteric viruses affecting commercial flocks in Brazil include Fowl Adenovirus of group I (FAdV-I), Chicken Parvovirus (ChPV), Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV), Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV), Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), Avia...

Shalakyatantra is one of the branch from eight part which concern with management disease affecting regions body above clavicles i.e. Ear, eyes oral and Nasal cavities etc. Shushkaakshipaka vata pitta pradhan sarvagatavyadhi. It can be co-related dry eye syndrome in modern aspect. Modern science has lacuna complete curative disease. Ancient Ayurved texts e.g., Brihatrayees Laghutrayees explaine...

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome is a non-IgE-mediated food allergy usually diagnosed in infancy. We report a case of a similar syndrome in an adult, following ingestion of egg. We remind clinicians to consider this diagnosis which may present to emergency physicians and gastroenterologists long before an allergist is consulted.

in this study, the pathogenicity of a/ch/it/5093/1999 h7n1 which had been isolated from chicken during the outbreak in italy was assessed in chicken by experimental infection virus. ten spf chickens of four week-old were inoculated with this virus, and five chickens were inoculated with uninfected allantoic fluid. for determination of virus shedding, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were taken f...

Since its discovery, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has had a huge impact on the farming industry. The virus that causes PRRS is Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), because of genetic diversity complexity immune response, eradication been challenge. To provide scientific references for PRRSV control vaccine development, this study describes processes PRRSV-ind...

Egg and eggshell quality were assessed under three different circumstances: challenge with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) of complete-fed and choice-fed Isa Brown laying hens; the provision of calcium supplement in the form of either oyster shell or limestone chips and either choice-fed or included in a complete ration; a comparison of three different strains before, during and after an indu...

Marek's disease virus is a herpesvirus of chickens that costs the worldwide poultry industry more than US$1 billion annually. Two generations of Marek's disease vaccines have shown reduced efficacy over the last half century due to evolution of the virus. Understanding where the virus is present may give insight into whether continued reductions in efficacy are likely. We conducted a 3-yr surve...