�ere are two classical applications of the automatic translation of natural language. Assimilation is translation when a gist of the meaning is su�cient, and speed and convenience are prioritized. Dissemination is translation with the intent to communicate, so there is usually a prede�ned quality threshold. �e most common assimilation scenario is cross-lingual web browsing, where fully automati...

Typical programming languages allow only a single decomposition of a program into source files. This results in concerns that are difficult to work with because they cut across the primary decomposition. Current development environments do not provide adequate support for working with crosscutting structure because multiple tools are required to perform even simple explorations, forcing the dev...

The simultaneous consideration of various notions (practice, procedure, prescribed task, effective task, task space, task search, task, method, activity) shows that the task accomplishment cannot be discussed at a general level, as classical approaches do. Rather, this paper points out the importance to distinguish the task definition and the task realization because the former is mainly static...

RNA editing refers to post-transcriptional processes that alter the base sequence of RNA. Recently, hundreds of new RNA editing targets have been reported. However, the mechanisms that determine the specificity and degree of editing are not well understood. We examined quantitative variation of site-specific editing in a genetically diverse multiparent population, Diversity Outbred mice, and ma...

The notion of a compensation is widely used in advanced transaction models as means of recovery from a failure. Similar concepts are adopted for providing “transaction-like” behavior for long business processes supported by workflows technology. Generally, designing a compensating task in the context of a workflow process is a non-trivial job. In fact, not every task is compensatable. This work...

Education has always been one of the main concerns of human societies, but in different periods and different communities educational goals have varied. Nowadays, and especially here in Iran, the main goal of education is to prepare children for real life and its problem. More specifically, the goal in mathematics education is help students with solving real life problems using their acquired m...

The present research study aimed to explore covert processes of editing and revision which were involved in writing four different academic text genres (i.e. abstract, conclusion, data commentary, and cover letter) in English language. To this end, six EFL learners with Persian as their mother were recruited to participate in this study. All the participants attended an induction session and ea...

Cytidine to uridine (C-to-U) editing is one type of substitutional RNA editing. It occurs in both mammals and plants. The molecular mechanism of C-to-U editing involves the hydrolytic deamination of a cytosine to a uracil base. C-to-U editing is mediated by RNA-specific cytidine deaminases and several complementation factors, which have not been completely identified. Here, we review recent fin...