Beer taxes were long a significant source of government revenue in northern Europe. In Holland the income from beer went into long-term decline 1650 onward. England take remained more stable. both, produced falling share total as expenses increased an era frequent and increasingly costly wars. The fiscal policies pursued reaction to contributing declining led, by 1800, that made tax burden broa...

In an effort to reduce the growing prevalence of overweight and obesity, food taxes have been introduced in several European countries, the so-called ‘obesitax’. As yet little evidence is at hand, policy measures are being taken to counterweight the consumption of unhealthy food or the increasing diet-related diseases. Several questions need to be discussed, starting from a general perspective:...

The NHS plan promises the creation of general practitioners with a specialist interest (GPSIs) who will be able to provide an alternative referral resource for primary care. At present, only the specialties of orthopaedics, ophthalmology, ENT and dermatology, which have the longest waiting times for outpatient appointments, have been earmarked for GPSIs. The British Association of Dermatologist...

OBJECTIVES To investigate whether increasing state cigarette taxes and/or enacting stronger smoke-free air (SFA) policies have negative impact on convenience store density in a state, a proxy that is determined by store openings and closings, which reflects store profits. METHODS State-level business count estimates for convenience stores for 50 states and District of Columbia from 1997 to 20...

Taxes levied on retail sales are a ubiquitous form of taxation, both in the US and abroad. While considerable study has examined the economic effects of such sales taxes vis-a-vis consumer demand, surprisingly little attention has been focused on the effects up the supply chain. In this paper, we consider a parsimonious model of retail products sold in a variety of consumer markets (each of whi...

Carbon taxes have largely been discussed as individual country measures (even if taken simultaneously) aimed to reduce carbon emissions, slow global warning, and internalizing the externalities associated with carbon generating activities, such as power generation. There has however been little emphasis on the incentives for subgroups of countries to jointly peruse carbon taxes. Yet for large i...