Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a frequently fatal and likely underdiagnosed disease involving a final common pathway of hypercytokinemia, which can result in end-organ damage and death. Although an early diagnosis is crucial to decrease mortality, the definitive diagnosis is often challenging because of the lack of specificity of currently accepted diagnostic criteria and the absen...

QUESTION To develop clinical guidelines for the management of cryptorchidism in pre-pubertal boys, from early diagnosis through therapy to long-term follow-up and prognosis. METHOD Systematic review of articles from the medical literature, referenced since 1966, using validated search strategies through the following databases: Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Regist...

Osteomyelitis in children is a serious disease in children requiring early diagnosis and treatment to minimize the risk of sequelae. Therefore, it is of primary importance to recognize the signs and symptoms at the onset and to properly use the available diagnostic tools. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion and be aware of the evolving epidemiology and of the emergence of anti...

OBJECTIVE To summarize and evaluate various urinary markers for early detection, diagnosis and follow-up of human bladder cancer. METHODS A MEDLINE and PUBMED search of the latest literature on urinary markers for bladder cancer was performed. We reviewed these published reports and made a critical analysis. RESULTS Most urinary markers tend to be less specific than cytology, yielding more ...

BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is a common, but often under-diagnosed condition with possible serious complications. CD, having a prevalence of about 1% is more common than once thought. Only limited research is available comparing differences between adults and children. A comprehensive Medline search was conducted. No data was found concerning the prevalence of CD among the adult Bedouin popu...

Persistent positivity of HPV-DNA testing is considered a prognostic index of recurrent disease in patients treated for CIN2+. HPV detection, and particularly genotyping, has an adequate high rate of sensitivity and specificity (along with an optimal reproducibility), for accurately predicting treatment failure, allowing for an intensified monitoring activity. Conversely, women with a negative H...

Patients at risk for lung cancer may have subclinical disease for years before presentation. The diagnosis of this disease is primarily based on symptoms, and detection often occurs after curative intervention is no longer possible. At present, no lung cancer early-detection biomarker is clinically available. This study reviews the most recent advances in early detection and molecular diagnosti...

.. Objective: To determine the frequency of Hirschsprung’s Disease associated enterocolitis in pre and post operative patients. Place and Duration of Study: Nishtar Hospital and Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Multan from January 2008 to June 2012. Methodology: A total number of 114 patients aged from less than 6 months to more than 5 years were diagnosed and treated for Hirschsprung’s Disease after recta...

BACKGROUND International studies have shown that cancer survival was generally low in the UK and the Republic of Ireland compared to western and northern European countries, but no systematic comparative analysis has been performed between the UK countries and the Republic of Ireland. METHODS Population-based survival for 20 adult malignancies was estimated for the UK and the Republic of Irel...

Purpose. To compare the characteristics of asymmetric keratoconic eyes and normal eyes by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) corneal mapping. Methods. Retrospective corneal and epithelial thickness OCT data for 74 patients were compared in three groups of eyes: keratoconic (n = 22) and normal fellow eyes (n = 22) in patients with asymmetric keratoconus and normal eyes (n = 104) i...