Prevalence of hemoparasites has been investigated in many avian species throughout Europe and North America. Basic hematologic surveys are the first step toward evaluating whether host-parasite prevalences observed in North America and Europe occur elsewhere in the world. We collected blood smears from 94 nestling imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca), five nestling steppe eagles (Aquila nipalensis)...

In nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms, two key components are local intensification and global diversification, and their interaction can significantly affect the efficiency of a metaheuristic algorithm. However, there is no rule for how to balance these important components. In this paper, we provide a first attempt to give some theoretical basis for the optimal balance of exploitation a...

Introduction A recent viewing ofthe painting, Prometheus Bound by Peter Paul Rubens (Boston Museum of Fine Arts Exhibition, 1993), brings to mind the role ofthe liver in the myth of Prometheus. Rubens' powerful scene (completed 1618) depicts an enchained Prometheus writhing in the foreground with an eagle pecking at the exposed liver (Figure 1)1. In the legend, the eagle's meal is repeated ever...

Although the lesser spotted eagle is not listed as endangered by the IUCN, BerndUlrich Meyburg from BirdLife Germany (NABU) knows that the graceful bird of prey’s future is far from assured in Germany. Meyburg explains that the German population has dwindled to just 110 breeding pairs in recent decades, largely due to habitat loss and persecution by poachers during their long migration to their...

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Vultures are recognized as the scroungers of the natural world, owing to their ecological role as obligate scavengers. While it is well known that vultures use intraspecific social information as they forage, the possibility of inter-guild social information transfer and the resulting multi-species social dilemmas has not been explored. Here, we use data on arrival times at carcasses to show th...

JOSÉ A. MARTÍNEZ, 1 JOSÉ F. CALVO, 2 * JOSÉ E. MARTÍNEZ, 2 IÑIGO ZUBEROGOITIA, 3 JABI ZABALA 3 & STEPHEN M. REDPATH 4 1 C/Juan de la Cierva 43, El Campello, E-03560 Alicante, Spain 2 Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain 3 Estudios Medioambientales Icarus s.l., Oficina Técnica, Apd. 106, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain 4 Centre for Ecology and Hydrolo...

—From 1980 to 1998, Washington’s Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) population increased at an annual rate of 10%. Over the same time period, foraging activity of Bald Eagles at marine bird breeding colonies also increased. From 1993 to 2008, we observed foraging-related behavior of Bald Eagles on Violet Point, Protection Island. This island hosts more than 70% of the breeding seabirds in Wa...