A general equilibrium model of a small open economy is developed to analyze the optimal rate of inflation under discretion. Once agents’ welfare is the sole policy objective it is possible to show that openness and inflation no longer have a simple inverse relationship. A greater degree of openness may lead the policy maker to want to exploit the short-run Phillips curve more aggressively, even...

Recent empirical work suggests that small price changes are relatively common. These findings have been used to evaluate competing theories of nominal price rigidities. In this paper we use micro data from the consumer price index and a scanner data set from a national supermarket chain to reassess the importance of small price changes. We argue that the vast majority of these changes are due t...

We explore the connection between shock observability and equilibrium. When aggregate shocks are unobserved the rational expectations solutions remain unchanged if contemporaneous aggregate outcomes are observable, but their stability under adaptive learning must be reconsidered. We obtain learning stability conditions and show that, provided there is not large positive expectational feedback, ...

When the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates binds, monetary policy cannot provide appropriate stimulus. We show that in the standard New Keynesian model, tax policy can deliver such stimulus at no cost and in a time-consistent manner. There is no need to use ine¢ cient policies such as wasteful public spending or future commitments to in‡ate. We conclude that in the New Keynesian model,...

In this paper we identify the main determinants of the exchange rate regimes in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). For this purpose, we use an ordered logit model for the official (de jure) and the actual (de facto) exchange rate classifications. We find that trade openness and concentration, inflation differentials, international reserves stocks, and financial conditions are the m...

The study examines the asymmetric effect of oil price on exchange rate and stock using Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributive Lag (NARDL) technique time-series data spanning from January 1996 to September 2020. multivariate cointegration test showed evidence a long-run relationship among price, rate, price. linear Granger causality that is granger caused by cause rate. nonlinear nonlinearity BDS...

Bank of England, one the leading examples modern banking, has been established at end 17th century. Economic and social turmoils wars that broke up in first half 19th century have led to a serious debate between Currency School Banking regarding primary function BoE. The Charter Act dated 1844 enacted eliminate ongoing instabilities British economy. act was suspended 1847, 1857, 1866 because de...

This paper uses a risk-shifting model to analyze policy responses asset price booms. We show risk shifting leads inefficient and credit booms in which prices can exceed fundamentals. However, the inefficiencies associated with arise independently of whether is bubble. Given evidence shifting, policymakers may not need determine if assets are bubbles justify intervention. then that some main can...

Participation of beneficiaries in the monitoring of public services is increasingly seen as a key to improving their efficiency. In India, the current government flagship program on universal primary education organizes both locally elected leaders and parents of children enrolled in public schools into committees and gives these groups powers over resource allocation, and monitoring and manage...