We use identification robust tests to show that difference (Dif), level (Lev), and nonlinear (NL) moment conditions, as proposed by Arellano Bond (1991, Review of Economic Studies 58, 277–297), Ahn Schmidt (1995, Journal Econometrics 68, 5–27), Bover 29–51), Blundell (1998, 87, 115–143) for the linear dynamic panel data model, do not separately identify autoregressive parameter when its true va...

This paper proposes a transformed quasi-maximum likelihood (TQML) estimator for short T $$ dynamic fixed effects panel data models allowing interactive through multifactor error structure. The proposed is robust to the heterogeneity of initial values and common unobserved effects, while at same time standard effects. It applicable both stationary unit root cases. order condition identification ...

Purpose Prior research on open innovation has not investigated changes in knowledge acquisition strategies of firms over time overlooking how learning from past can change subsequent search strategies. Also, prior focused principally product process innovation. The purpose the paper is to introduce concept dynamic openness, which defined as temporal external strategy. We explore four openness –...

The study investigates the effect of financial development on major economic indicators, i.e., growth, inflation, and employment by applying System GMM estimation technique for a panel 120 countries period 1997 to 2017. Four distinct proxies are used, private sector credit, liquid liabilities, money quasi money, bank credit. results contradict traditional supply-lending hypothesis reveal negati...