The absorption of oral drugs is frequently plagued by significant variability with potentially serious therapeutic consequences. source can be traced back to interindividual in physiology, differences special populations (age- and disease-dependent), drug formulation properties, or food-drug interactions. Clinical evidence for the impact some these factors on pharmacokinetic mounting: e.g. gast...

OBJECTIVES Studies examining healthcare workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs have focused on the drug preparation or drug administration areas. However, such an approach has probably underestimated the overall exposure risk as the drugs need to be delivered to the facility, transported internally and then disposed. The objective of this study is to determine whether drug contamination occu...

Platelet function and coagulation were tested after brief in vivo exposure to cefamandole nafate and in the presence of various concentrations of the drug in vitro. Alterations in hemostatic function were observed only with exposure to drug concentrations severalfold higher than those expected to prevail clinically.

Access to combination antiretroviral treatment (ART) has improved greatly over recent years. At the end of 2011, more than eight million HIV-infected people were receiving ART in low-income and middle-income countries. ART generally works well in keeping the virus suppressed and the patient healthy. However, treatment only works as long as the virus is not resistant against the drugs used. In t...

Recent exposure to azoles is an important risk factor for infection with fluconazole-resistant Candida spp., but little is known about the role of antibacterial drug exposure in the emergence of drug-resistant Candida. We did a prospective nationwide surveillance study of candidemia in Israel and analyzed the propensity score-adjusted association between antifungal and antibacterial drug exposu...

The influence of the concentration and time of exposure to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum on the inhibition of the clonogenic growth of three N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide mouse bladder tumor cell lines was evaluated in a tumor colony assay. Drug testing was performed in the murine model, and tumor cells were removed from the animals for in vitro testing. Murine drug testing reveal...

TDM and exposure–response relationships TDM is the measurement and interpretation of drug concentrations in biological fluids so as to determine the correct drug dosage for an individual patient.1 The technique requires that dose be correlated with exposure and that exposure be correlated with pharmacodynamic (PD) response. Exposure metrics include the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters: area unde...

Persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs within the Central Nervous System (CNS) remains a significant challenge to the efficacy of potent anti-HIV-1 drugs. The primary human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMVEC) constitutes the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) which interferes with anti-HIV drug delivery into the CNS. The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters expressed on HBMVEC can efflux HIV-1 pr...

Visual acuity, phoria, stereopsis, and contrast sensitivity were assessed over 6 h of continued exposure to combinations of atropine (2 mg) and 2-PAM chloride (600 mg), severe heat/humidity (95 degrees F (35 degrees C); 60% RH), and wearing either the U.S. Army battle dress uniform (BDU) or the BDU and the impermeable chemical protective clothing (MOPP-IV). Subjects were able to complete all 6 ...