Schizophrenia is a devastating mental disorder that affects almost 1% of the human population. Although the etiology and fundamental pathological processes associated with schizophrenia remain unclear, abnormalities of the dopamine and glutamate systems have been implicated in their occurrence. The putative role of dopamine in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia has been studied ...

The tight correlation between the clinical potency and the D2R blocking action of antipsychotic medications suggests that dopamine hyperactivity plays a significant role in psychosis. Clozapine, one of the most effective antipsychotic drugs, has been shown to display moderate affinity for various neurotransmitter receptors, including the dopamine D1 and D2 receptors; however, the exact mechanis...

Adenosine acts as neuromodulator in the brain, which its involvement in a wide range of brain processes and diseases has been studied, such as epilepsy, sleep, anxiety, panic disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Adenosine receptors have been detected: A1R, A2AR (A2AR), A2BR, and A3R. A1R and A2R inhibit cAMP production, while A2AR and A2BR stimulate cAMP product...

adenosine acts as neuromodulator in the brain, which its involvement in a wide range of brain processes and diseases has been studied, such as epilepsy, sleep, anxiety, panic disorder, alzheimer’s disease, parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. adenosine receptors have been detected: a1r, a2ar (a2ar), a2br, and a3r. a1r and a2r inhibit camp production, while a2ar and a2br stimulate camp product...

Aripiprazole is the first next-generation atypical antipsychotic with a mechanism of action that differs from currently marketed typical and atypical antipsychotics. Aripiprazole displays properties of an agonist and antagonist in animal models of dopaminergic hypoactivity and hyperactivity, respectively. This study examined the interactions of aripiprazole with a single population of human D2 ...

The aim of the present study was to localize the dopamine receptors involved in the regulation of muscle tone. A strategy was used whereby the effects on muscle tone of injecting the irreversible dopamine receptor antagonist N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) in discrete brain regions were assessed. Increases in muscle tone were measured as changes in electromyographic activi...

Adenosine and dopamine are two important modulators of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the striatum. However, conflicting reports exist about the role of adenosine and adenosine receptors in the modulation of striatal dopamine release. It has been previously suggested that adenosine A(1) receptors localized in glutamatergic nerve terminals indirectly modulate dopamine release, by their abili...

Contralateral turning was produced by unilateral injection of carbachol (0.5, 2.5, 5 micrograms) into the nucleus accumbens, but not into the dorsal or ventral striatum. This behaviour was inhibited by muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptor blockade in the nucleus accumbens, and less effectively by blockade of muscarinic M2 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Unilateral injection of a mixture ...

Despite extensive study, the G protein coupling of dopamine D3 receptors is poorly understood. In this study, we used guanosine-5'-O-(3-[35S]thio)-triphosphate ([35S]-GTPgammaS) binding to investigate the activation of G proteins coupled to human (h) D3 receptors stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Although the receptor expression level was high (15 pmol/mg), dopamine only st...

Introduction This neuroscience perspective on translational research on psychosis summarizes recent data showing that a common feature of the many animal models of psychosis is dopamine supersensitivity associated with an elevation of dopamine D2High receptors. This finding is an impetus to devising a method for measuring D2High in individuals in various stages of psychosis. All Psychotic Roads...