Experiments almost 20 years ago demonstrated that injections of a sequence of DNA encoding part of a pathogen could stimulate immunity. It was soon realized that "DNA vaccination" had numerous potential advantages over conventional vaccine approaches including inherent safety and a more rapid production time. These and other attributes make DNA vaccines ideal for development against emerging pa...

Objective: In this paper, we have introduced topoisomerase inhibitors, mechanism of action and types of them. DNA topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze essential enzymes to solve the topological problems accompanying key nuclear processes such as DNA replication, transcription, repair and chromatin assembly by introducing temporary single or double strand breaks in the DNA. Result...

Objective: In this paper, we have introduced topoisomerase inhibitors, mechanism of action and types of them. DNA topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze essential enzymes to solve the topological problems accompanying key nuclear processes such as DNA replication, transcription, repair and chromatin assembly by introducing temporary single or double strand breaks in the DNA. Result...

Sequential immunization with mycobacterial antigen Ag85B-expressing DNA and Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was more effective than BCG immunization in protecting against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Depletion of the CD8(+) T cells in the immunized mice impaired protection in their spleens, indicating that this improved efficacy was partially mediated by CD8(+) T cells.

Skin cancer is the most frequent form of malignancy in the world, and UV radiation is the primary environmental carcinogen responsible for its development. Herein we demonstrate that Gadd45a is a critical factor protecting the epidermis against UV radiation-induced tumorigenesis by promoting damaged keratinocytes to undergo apoptosis and/or cell cycle arrest, two crucial events that prevent the...

Type II restriction-modification (R-M) systems encode a restriction endonuclease that cleaves DNA at specific sites, and a methyltransferase that modifies same sites protecting them from restriction endonuclease cleavage. Type II R-M systems benefit bacteria by protecting them from bacteriophages. Many type II R-M systems are plasmid-based and thus capable of horizontal transfer. Upon the entry...

Type II restriction endonucleases (REases) are one of the basic tools of recombinant DNA technology. They also serve as models for elucidation of mechanisms for both site-specific DNA recognition and cleavage by proteins. However, isolation of catalytically active mutants from their libraries is challenging due to the toxicity of REases in the absence of protecting methylation, and techniques e...

Plant ascorbate peroxidases (APXs), enzymes catalyzing the dismutation of H2O2 into H2O and O2, play an important role in reactive oxygen species homeostasis in plants. The rice genome has eight OsAPXs, but their physiological functions remain to be determined. In this report, we studied the function of OsAPX2 gene using a T-DNA knockout mutant under the treatment of drought, salt and cold stre...

celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) inhibitor, has been shown to possess antitumor activity in a variety of cancer cells. however, the antitumor activity of two synthesized cox-2 inhibitor derivatives ( a and b ) on human myeloid leukemia (k562) and breast adenocarcinoma (mcf-7) cancer cells has not been well established. this study was designed to investigate the morphological chang...