OBJECTIVE To determine the ratio of disproportionate versus proportionate Intra uterine growth retardation among low birth weight babies using the Ponderal index. METHODS This was a retrospective study. Medical records of babies with weight < 2.5kg delivered in the Obstetric Department were reviewed. The ponderal index was calculated to determine disproportionate and proportionate intra uteri...

For improving the current pricing mode of medical services, the present study seeks to explore the pricing elements and processes, and establish the dynamic pricing model of involving both the government and hospitals. The pricing process and mathematical model show the logical relationships between medical prices and pricing elements. The causal relationship model reveals how to accomplish dyn...

The technological advances in recent years are allowing Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to provide Quality of Service (QoS) assurance for traffic through their domains. This article develops a spot pricing framework for intra-domain expected bandwidth contract with'a loss based QoS guarantee. The framework accounts for both the cost and the risks associated with QoS delivery. A nonlinear pric...

This paper presents a location-inventory-pricing model for designing the distribution network of a supply chain with price-sensitive demands and inventory-capacity constraints. The supply chain has market power and uses markup pricing. An efficient Lagrangian relaxation algorithm is proposed to solve the model. Our numerical study shows that by moderately increasing the number of possible value...

We empirically investigate predictions from alternative intermediary asset pricing theories. The theories distinguish themselves in their use of intermediary equity or leverage as pricing factors or forecasting variables. We find strong support for a parsimonious dynamic pricing model based on broker-dealer leverage as the return forecasting variable and shocks to broker-dealer leverage as a cr...

As the generalizations of mathematical expectations,coherent and convex risk measures, Choquet expectation and Peng’s g-expectations all have been widely used to study the question of hedging contingent claims in incomplete markets. Obviously, the different risk measures or expectations will typically yield different pricing. In this paper we investigate differences amongst these risk measures ...

The study reported here classified 9,660 newborn infants delivered at a maternal and child health center in Mexico City by length of gestation, presence or absence of growth retardation, and (in the case of growth-retarded infants) proportionate or disproportionate growth retardation in terms of the infants' weight and length. It was found that preterm infants (delivered before 38 weeks of gest...

In this paper, we utilize admission control algorithms designed for revenue optimization with QoS guarantees to derive optimal pricing of multiple service classes in wireless cellular networks. A service provider typically adjusts pricing only periodically. Once a ‘‘global” optimal pricing is derived, it would stay static for a period of time, allowing users to be charged with the same rate whi...

This paper deals with the following question associated with congestion pricing in a general network with either fixed or elastic travel demand: what is the maximum efficiency loss of a general second-best pricing scheme due to inexact marginal-cost pricing in comparison with the first-best pricing or system optimum case? A formal answer to this question is provided by establishing an inefficie...

Increased availability of high-quality customer information has fueled interest personalized pricing strategies, i.e., strategies that predict an individual customer’s valuation for a product and then o↵er a customized price tailored to that customer. While the appeal of personalized pricing is clear, it may also incur large costs in the form of market research, investment in information techno...