South American countries have been leading on global international peace and disarmament initiatives, but the analysis of cyber operations frameworks across four most developed States in region (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia) shows need for more transparency how are regulated these countries, especially around their commitment to existing norms. At same time, lack an incremental approach a...

The goal of Covid-19 vaccination is to decrease the spread virus, lower severity and death rate caused by Covid-19, attain collective immunity within community, safeguard individuals from so that they can continue be socially economically productive. research method employed normative juridical in conjunction with empirical form quantitative using a survey design. vaccine access accelerates pan...

This article examines the history of an overlooked monument to so-called ‘Pilgrim Fathers’ dedicated at Immingham, Humberside, in September 1925. Drawing upon contemporary press coverage as well rather limited extant archival record, connects overlapping local, national and international contexts, including Anglo-American diplomatic rapprochement post-1890 period, Mayflower Tercentenary 1920, p...

This article examines the political economy of Arab-Israeli peacemaking in first half 1990s, specifically multilateral working group on Arms Control and Regional Security (ACRS). It focuses misplaced memorialization ACRS process as a lost opportunity for establishment nuclear weapons free zone (NWFZ) Middle East, which has resulted continuous “return” to policy discussions. The contends that ra...

The elimination of stockpiled weaponry constitutes a key step in arms control and disarmament processes, lending permanence irreversibility to reductions. Yet it has proven challenging practice. destruction advanced weapon components, like lethal chemical agents the fissile materials from which nuclear weapons are constructed, is often technically complex costly. To elucidate dynamics this back...