background: leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by leishmania parasites .  growing of drug unresponsiveness in leishmaniasis patients necessitates the development of new drugs and accor­dingly a suitable assay is needed for evaluation of any modalities.  the aim of this study was to compare four drug assays methods, agar dilution, broth dilution, cylinder plate and disk diffusion, for ...

Gamma oscillations, now widely regarded as functionally relevant signals of the brain, illustrate that the concept of event-related oscillations bridges the gap between single neurons and neural assemblies. Taking this concept further, we review experiments showing that oscillatory phenomena such as alpha, theta, or delta responses to events are strongly interwoven with sensory and cognitive fu...

Access control is an indispensable security technology. However , it has been relatively neglected by the research community. Over the past ten years, the doctrine of mandatory and discretionary access controls has slowly become discredited but no dominant doctrine has emerged to replace it. There are promising candidates such as role and task-based access controls but these are still in their ...