The formation of virtual antenna arrays among cooperating nodes, distributed in space, has been shown to provide improved resistance to slow fading and has attracted considerable interest. Scaling cooperation in practice to a large number of participating relay nodes is an open area of research. It was recently shown that appropriate selection of a single, “opportunistic” available relay that m...

In this paper, the optimization of coordination of directional overcurrent relays in an interconnected power system is presented. The objective of protective relay coordination is to achieve selectivity without sacrificing sensitivity and quick fault clearance time. A methodology is adopted for the consideration of backup relays in the optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays. The...

Due to the ever-increasing in non linear loads and the worldwide trend to establish smart grids, harmonic level in the electricity grids is significantly increased. In addition to their impact on power quality, harmonic current can have a devastating effect on the operation of over current relays as they are designed to operate efficiently at the fundamental frequency. The distorted waveform wi...

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Explosive growth in wireless technology caused by development in digital and RF circuit fabrications put some serious challenges on wireless system designers and link budget planning. Low transmit power, system coverage and capacity, high data rates, spatial diversity and quality of services (QOS) are the key factors in future wireless communication system that made it attractive. Dual-hop rela...

We have available, in today’s application of microprocessor based relays and digital fault recorders, record analysis software. This software shows graphical and numerical information along with powerful tools that are easy to use. These are applied by relay protection engineers, to analyze the records and provide a more efficient analysis for simple and complex cases. These tools also provide ...

The paper discusses automated substation data integration and analysis. Recorded data collected from various substation IEDs is stored into a substation data warehouse that utilizes standardized file formats and database interface. The data warehouse allows different software agents to convert raw data to useful information and represents an interface for functional integration of different app...

This paper analyses and explains from the systems point of view, microprocessor based protective relay (MBPR) systems with emphasis on differential equation algorithms. Presently, the application of protective relaying in power systems, using MBPR systems, based on the differential equation algorithm is valued more than the protection relaying based on any other type of algorithm, because of ad...