sometimes disagreement in regards to reading a qur’ānic verse has resulted in a paradoxical judgment and this occurs in traditions, as well. but the way in which one can consider paradoxical verses arises from the so-called ‘alājīyah traditions. the question that arises here is as follows: can the rules presented by these evidences be also extended to the paradoxical readings? if so, what are t...

Arenas et al. [1] introduced the notion of lambda-closed sets as a generalization of locally closed sets. In this paper, we introduce the notions of lambda-locally closed sets, Lambda_lambda-closed sets and lambda_g-closed sets and obtain some decompositions of closed sets and continuity in topological spaces.

one of the criticisms of comparative philosophy is the incommensurability of different traditions. that is, various systems or disciplines, conceptually and methodologically different, are grown in the context of different traditions and thus making them incommensurable.  xianglong zhang holds that incommensurability is because of the lack of grounds for comparison. to accomplish fruitful compa...

Consider sets X and Y each with associated membership functions. Further suppose that there is a map f : X → Y . A membership may be induced onY from the membership ofX calculated using the extension principle, and the two memberships on Y may be combined to give an overall membership. The point with the highest membership in X can be determined directly or by back mapping the value with the hi...

The concept of upper and lower semicontinuity of fuzzy mappings introduced by Bao and Wu [Y.E. Bao, C.X. Wu, Convexity and semicontinuity of fuzzy mappings, Comput. Math. Appl., 51 (2006) 1809–1816] is redefined by using the concept of parameterized triples of fuzzy numbers. On the basis of the linear ordering of fuzzy numbers proposed by Goetschel and Voxman [R. Goetschel, W. Voxman, Elementar...

In (Fuzzy Sets and Systems 97 (1998) 33), we presented a fuzzy multipurpose decision making model integrating di4erent preference representations based on additive reciprocal fuzzy preference relations. The main aim of this paper is to complete the decision model studying conditions under which reciprocity property is maintained when aggregating preference relations using an OWA operator guided...