Background: Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a one of the main causes of traumatic brain injury and caused by the impulsive stretching of neuronal axons resulting from rapid deformation of a brain. DAI is characterized by a gradual swelling of the axons which is formed by the accumulation of cellular organelles and proteins, and the swelling is the morphological hallmark of DAI pathology. In rece...

Advanced neuroimaging techniques are now used to expand our knowledge of traumatic brain injury, and increasingly, they are being applied to children. This review will examine four of these methods as they apply to children who present acutely after injury. (1) Susceptibility weighted imaging is a 3-dimensional high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging technique that is more sensitive than con...

Background: The incidence of concurrent traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cervical spine (c-spine) is relatively high, with a variety risk factors. Objectives: purpose this study was to determine the related factors associated combined cranial c-spine in TBI patients by assessing their demographics clinical profiles. Method: A retrospective attending Trauma Centre at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospit...

Diffuse axonal injury caused by mild closed head injury (CHI) is likely to affect the neural networks concerned with the planning and execution of sequences of memory-guided saccades. Thirty subjects with mild CHI and thirty controls were tested on 2- and 3-step sequences of memory-guided saccades. CHI subjects showed more directional errors, larger position errors, and hypermetria of primary s...

Previous imaging studies have suggested that there is substantial axonal loss in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of brains from multiple sclerosis patients and that this axonal loss may be an important determinant of disability. Recently, substantial axonal loss in the NAWM has been confirmed directly in post-mortem tissue. Whether the NAWM changes occur as a consequence of damage to a...

At present the injury that the human head is subjected to is predicted by the Head Injury Criterion (HIC). This criterion is inadequate as it is not based upon a thorough understanding of the underlying head injury mechanisms. The important blunt or non-contact head injury mechanisms are diffuse axonal injury, bridging vein disruption and surface contact contusions. They are the result of the r...

Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents the most common type of brain injury. However, in contrast with moderate or severe injury, there are currently few non-invasive experimental studies that investigate the cumulative effects of repetitive mTBI using rodent models. Here we describe and compare the behavioral and pathological consequences in a mouse model of single (s-mTBI...

Isolated traumatic oculomotor nerve palsy without internal ophthalmoplegia is a rare condition after closed head trauma. The nerve strain leads to intraneural edema with nerve swelling on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images and traumatic disruption of the blood peripheral nerve barrier with contrast enhancement on T1-weighted MR images. In this patient, susceptibility-weighted MR imaging...