Since Hippocrates’ dramatic description of the clinical features in a patient, the authors and many others believed to have experienced subarachnoid hemorrhage over 2400 years ago; this illness has remained a mystery up until the 19th century. The review describes the evolution of our understanding of subarachnoid hemorrhage and its treatment originating in first civilizations up to this very day.

Recent developments in cosmology indicate that every history having a nonzero probability is realized in infinitely many distinct regions of spacetime. Thus, it appears that the universe contains infinitely many civilizations exactly like our own, as well as infinitely many civilizations that differ from our own in any way permitted by physical laws. We explore the implications of this conclusi...

Khuzestan has one of the most detailed and well documented archaeological sequences in the Near East, thanks to years of excavation and survey by many researchers. This work has led to some understanding of political, economic, and social life in southwestern Iran from the time of the early villages to that of the early states and the historic empires. Over the millennia, agriculture and pastor...

Like the Sanxingdui ruins, the Jinsha ruins are an important archaeological site in the Chengdu Plain. Excavation of these ruins may offer important evidence for the origins and evolution of the ancient Shu civilization. In order to protect historical relics during excavation, it is necessary to use INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON SMART SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS VOL. 6, NO. 2, APRIL 2013 Submitt...

The history of technology is a rich and fascinating subject, combining engineering with economic, social, and political factors. Technology seems to advance in waves. Small advances in science and technology accumulate slowly, sometimes over long periods of time, until a critical level of technological success and economic advantage is achieved. The last century witnessed several of these waves...

This paper connects the conclusions of recent research on video games and learning to prior research on problem schemata and problem-solving. This study examines the problem-solving practices of expert and novice young players of Civilization III in a gamebased learning program, and concludes that the problem schemata framework has power and utility in analyzing problem-solving in game-based en...

In tracing world ecological degradation over a period of fi ve millennia, Sing Chew (2001) points out that “...the history of civilizations...and states is also the history of ecological degradation and crisis...[as such]...ecological relation is as primary as the economic relation in the self-expansionary processes of societal systems...” (pp. 1–2). Particularly over the last half of the twent...

Both western and eastern civilizations have linked moral teaching with theology followed by philosophy. New-knowledge-seekers about natural world, were called 'natural philosophers'. There was a paradigm shift during industrial revolution in western world which culminated in modern science. The word "scientist" was coined during the 19th century. The paper examines whether natural philosophers ...

Background: Extraterrestrial Encounter While humanity has not yet encountered an extraterrestrial civilization, this possibility cannot be ruled out. Some evidence suggests that an encounter may be likely. If an encounter occurs, it would be of profound significance for humanity. There thus has been much debate on the outcome of an encounter. Opinions are sharply divided on whether extraterrest...

The United Nations briefly considered the issue of extra-terrestrial intelligence at the 32nd session of the General Assembly in 1977. As a result, the Office of Outer Space Affairs was tasked to prepare a document on issues related to 'messages to extra-terrestrial civilizations', but this area has not been followed through in more recent times. This discussion paper describes the United Natio...