We evaluate the relationship between job proximity and male joblessness at the neighborhood level in Cleveland and Milwaukee. Using two tract-level measures of proximity to employment (i.e., physical distance and commute time), we Žnd mixed evidence for the spatial mismatch hypothesis. As expected, we Žnd that predominantly black neighborhoods in both cities have higher rates of male joblessnes...

Fertility levels remain high in most of sub-Saharan Africa, despite recent declines, and even in a large capital city such as Accra, Ghana, women are having children at a pace that is well above replacement level and this will contribute to significant levels of future population growth in the city. Our purpose in this paper is to evaluate the way in which neighborhood context may shape reprodu...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the availability and accessibility of physical activity resources differed by neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) in a small U.S. city (population = 133,046). U.S. census tracts (N =32) were used to represent neighborhoods and categorized into high, medium, or low SES on the basis of the percentage of unemployed individuals, per capita inco...

APrIl 2017 IZA DP No. 10697 The Effects of Physical Restructuring on the Socioeconomic Status of Neighborhoods: Selective Migration and Upgrading In the last few decades, urban restructuring programs have been implemented in many Western European cities with the main goal of combating a variety of socioeconomic problems in deprived neighborhoods. The main instrument of restructuring has been ho...

Indexing methods for the approximate string matching problem spend a considerable effort generating condensed neighborhoods. Condensed neighborhoods, however, are not a minimal representation of a pattern neighborhood. Super condensed neighborhoods, proposed in this work, are smaller, provably minimal and can be used to locate approximate matches that can later be extended by on-line search. We...

This study examined the association of census level, observational, and parent-reported neighborhood characteristics on the verbal and behavioral competencies of a national sample of Canadian preschoolers (N = 3,350). Children's verbal ability scores were positively associated with residing in neighborhoods with affluent residents and negatively associated with residing in neighborhoods with po...

OBJECTIVE This study provides a multivariate analysis of the availability of food store outlets in the US and associations with neighborhood characteristics on race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). METHOD Commercial food store outlet data are linked across 28,050 zip codes to Census 2000 data. Multivariate regression analyses are used to examine associations between the availability...

Neighborhoods often resist public transit expansion for fears that it will increase crime by attracting transient populations and prospecting criminals. On the other hand, transit may reduce crime by altering economic development and other positive features of neighborhoods. Studies examining public transit and crime have either been cross sectional or examined the impact of public transit expa...

BACKGROUND The concept of walkable neighborhoods is increasingly important in physical activity research and intervention. However, limited theoretical understanding and measurable definitions remain a challenge. METHODS This paper reviews theories defining neighborhoods and offers an empirical approach to identify measurable attributes and thresholds of walkable neighborhoods. Bivariate and ...