In “Representations without Rules, Connectionism and the Syntactic Argument”, Kenneth Aizawa argues against the view that connectionist nets can be understood as processing representations without the use of representation-level rules, and he provides a positive characterization of how to interpret connectionist nets as following representation-level rules. He takes Terry Horgan and John Tienso...

The congestion control algorithm in TCP relies on correct feedback from the receiver to determine the rate at which packets should be sent into the network. Hence, correct receiver feedback (in the form of acknowledgements in TCP) is essential to the goal of sharing the scarce bandwidth resources fairly and avoiding congestion collapse in the Internet. However, the assumption that a TCP receive...

For many years physiological properties within the body that lead to or prevent ulceration of gastric and duodenal mucosa have been thought of as being 'aggressive' or 'defensive' in nature. Peptic ulcer has been assumed to develop when the summation of aggressive factors is greater than defensive, and a past concept has assumed that an increase in the latter or decrease in the former would lea...

According to general statistics, around thousands of DOS and DDOS attacks have been carried out in the years 2009 and 2010. Choosing this problem for research was because everything in the industrial or mechanical sector is now controlled over the network through applications thus, securing these networks against DOS attacks is very important because once compromised it can cause a major damage...

We investigate the best defence model of an imperfect information game. In particular, we prove that finding optimal strategies for this model is NP-complete in the size of the game tree. We then introduce two new heuristics for this problem and show that they outperform previous algorithms. We demonstrate the practical use and effectiveness of these heuristics by testing them on random game tr...

Biological control is an important ecosystem service delivered by natural enemies. Together with breeding for plant defence, it constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling herbivores in sustainable crop production. Especially induced plant defences may be promising targets in plant breeding for resistance against arthropod pests. Because they are activated u...

The immune mechanisms of defence against fungal infections are numerous, and range from protective mechanisms that were present early in evolution (innate immunity) to sophisticated adaptive mechanisms that are induced specifically during infection and disease (adaptive immunity). The first-line innate mechanism is the presence of physical barriers in the form of skin and mucous membranes, whic...

Herbivory initiates a shift in plant metabolism from growth to defence that may reduce fitness in the absence of further herbivory. However, the defence-induced changes in carbon assimilation that precede this reallocation in resources remain largely undetermined. This study characterized the response of photosynthesis to herbivore induction of jasmonic acid (JA)-related defences in Nicotiana a...

Streptococcus suis, an important zoonotic pathogen, is known to have an open pan-genome and to develop a competent state. In S. suis, limited genetic lineages are suggested to be associated with zoonosis. However, little is known about the evolution of diversified lineages and their respective phenotypic or ecological characteristics. In this study, we performed comparative genome analyses of S...

The commencement of a trial of Internet Service Provider (ISP) level content filtering as a precursor to nation-wide mandatory content filters in Australia has generated a large amount of publicity. Despite remaining low on details, figures released show that the laboratory testing of the filtering solutions caused significant slow-down in Internet speeds as well as the unintentional censorship...