Reinforcement Learning (RL) can model complex behavior policies for goaldirected sequential decision making tasks. A hallmark of RL algorithms is Temporal Difference (TD) learning: value function for the current state is moved towards a bootstrapped target that is estimated using next state’s value function. λ-returns generalize beyond 1-step returns and strike a balance between Monte Carlo and...

Objective(s): The partial volume effect (PVE) of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) on corpus striatum imaging is caused by the underestimation of specific binding ratio (SBR). A large ROI (region of interest) set using the Southampton method is independent of PVE for SBR. The present study aimed to determine the optimal ROI size with contrast and SBR for striatum images and val...

Life-cycle (LC) approaches play a significant role in energy policy making to determine the environmental impacts associated with the choice of energy source. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) can be combined with LC approaches to provide quantitative benchmarks that orientate the performance of energy systems towards environmental sustainability, with different implications depending on the sele...

xpm -x and necessarily splits in K[X] into distinct first degree factors so that Da is diagonalizable. Applying this to Dg, for Ek = {x: [g, x] = kx}, we have Eo K and D = YEk, where the sum is direct and taken over all k E K with Ek # 0. Now, if x E D *, gx xg kx for some k E K is equivalent to requiring that x belong to N *. Moreover, y E Ek is equivalent to y E Kx. Then each Ek is a K-subspa...

Efficient use of assets in agriculture is a goal for policy-makers and farmers. Agricultural input resources are scarce therefore optimum use of inputs in different agricultural operations is important. Mathematical programming technique such as data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a well-known approach for estimation efficiency of agricultural DMUs. In this study, efficiency of kidney bean produ...

This paper is drawn from the use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in helping a Portuguese bank to manage the performance of its branches. The bank wanted to set targets for the branches on such variables as growth in number of clients, growth in funds deposited and so on. Such variables can take positive and negative values but traditional DEA models, with some specialised exceptions, have hi...

Efficiency and effectiveness for non-storable commodities represent two distinct dimensions and a joint measurement of both is necessary to fully capture the overall performance. This paper proposes two novel integrated data envelopment analysis (IDEA) approaches, the integrated Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (ICCR) and integrated Banker, Charnes and Cooper (IBCC) models, to jointly analyze the ove...

One of the main important issues in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is to recognize set anchor points which subset extreme efficient production possibility (PPS). An point an located on intersection strong frontier and weak frontier. In other word, each delineate from So, if a decision making unit (DMU) point, then there at least one supporting hyperplane whose gradient vector has some zero com...