Abstract Records of stable isotopes ( 2 H and 18 O), deuterium excess d -excess) tritium 3 H) values in precipitation (P) during 1990–2022, together with long-term time series (1919–2022) air temperature (T) P-amount at the Damascus station, were analysed to explore seasonal annual variability patterns those parameters P assess vulnerability climate change this area. Variation average T over pe...


 The Inquisition (miḥna) of al-Maʾmūn (d. 218/833) was a serious attempt to establish the caliph as arbiter Islamic orthodoxy . It actively prosecuted by succeeding two caliphs, and finally abolished his nephew, al-Mutawakkil, in 237/852 most information we have about it far is how carried out Baghdad Various sources, mostly biographical, also tell us something its prosecution Basra, Kufa...

This study examines the efficiency of a model aimed at teaching 21st century skills to preservice teachers Damascus university. Two fundamental aspects were explored, firstly, promoting skills; and, secondly, incorporating in educators’ pedagogical training. Quantitative data was collected from 106 student teachers, and 34 teacher educators through two survey questionnaires. Results educator’s ...

Coins of Armenian king Tigranes the Great clearly reveal a star with a tail on the royal tiara which may be associated with the Halley's passage of 87 BC. Tigranes II the Great (95-55 BC) had made Armenia one of powerful kingdoms in Western Asia, extending from the Caucasus to the eastern Mediterranean. The economical needs and the expansion of the empire resulted in diverse silver and copper-b...