Hong Kong has long been under a fixed exchange rate regime, relying on the currency board to maintain currency stability. Currency board is a rule-based system, but because of the gradual dilution of the rules started in the late 1980s as a result of a number of monetary reforms, the currency board has gradually emphasized more on discretion in setting its policy. Such change in the board’s pol...

This paper describes novel market-based technologies for systematic, quantifiable and predictable protection of information systems against attacks. These technologies, incorporated in the MarketNet system, use currency to control access to information systems resources and to account for their use. Clients wishing to access a resource must pay in currency acceptable to the domain that owns it....

Currency recognition is an important area of pattern recognition. A system for the recognition of currency is one kind of intelligent system which is a very important need of the current automation systems in the modern world of today. Currency Recognition and is implemented to reduce human power to automatically recognize the amount monetary value of currency and without human supervision. The...

The importance of currency and maturity mismatches in the debt structure of emerging markets is an issue that can hardly be overemphasized. Yet, while many papers have explained how imbalances in the asset and liability structure of emerging markets can cause currency and financial crises, the factors that may have triggered such imbalances in the first place have received relatively little att...

This paper explores the role played by government guarantees to banks’ foreign creditors as a root cause of self-fulfilling twin banking-currency crises. We develop a general equilibrium model in which such guarantees lead to these types of crises. Absent government guarantees, such crises are not possible. The model has three key properties. First, in the presence of government guarantees bank...

Introduction: About 1/ 3 of the world crowd (2 billion) suffers from HBV infection. 15 to 40% of Hepatitis B cases develop into chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Considering the dangerous complication of the illness and the evidence that the prevalence is different in various areas of the country, this research was directed with the purpose of determining the cur...

Portfolio optimisation typically aims to provide an optimal allocation that minimises risk, at a given return target, by diversifying over different investments. However, the potential scope of such risk diversification can be limited if investments are concentrated in only one country, or more specifically one currency. Multi-currency portfolio is an alternative to achieve higher returns and m...

 As the number of independent countries increases and their economies become more integrated, we would expect to observe more multi-country currency :::union:::s. This paper explores the pros and cons for different countries to adopt as an anchor the US Dollar, the Euro or the Yen. In addition, it addresses the question of how co-movement of outputs and prices would respond to the formation of ...

Abstract Financial crises and currency instabilities within developing and emerging economies during the last decade had a tremendous impact on the economic performance and increased vulnerability of economies against domestic and foreign shocks. The timing of capital liberalization is one of the significant debates among other issues related to currency instability, and it would be more conven...