Heavy quarks are produced in the early stages of nucleus-nucleus collisions and can therefore provide important insight into Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). Quarkonia proposed as crucial probes to study QGP. The extent medium modification for heavy-quark quarkonium production heavy-ion is measured terms a nuclear factor $R_{\rm AA}$, defined yield divided by relative cross section pp scaled overlap f...

As one of the most important diffused brain modulatory systems, the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) receives most of its afferents from the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) and plays a major role in the control of drug dependence and some emotional and exciting states. For detailed investigation of the effect of morphine on relationship between these two brain stem nuclei, the activity of the r...

Midbrain periaqueductal gray mater area (PAG) receives some afferents from anterolateral system, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus that inhibit pain through its descending pathway that synapses medial raphe nuclus (mrph) and finally terminates on spinal cord enkephalinergic interneurons in layers II and III. In the present study, the role of Ca+2–channels located on medial raphe nucleus neurons ...

Calcium-binding proteins play essential roles in the cell. One important class of calcium-binding proteins is the annexin family. This is a family of 13 proteins, which binds to phospholipids in a calcium-dependent manner. Osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63) is a transformed cell that has many characteristics of the differentiated cell, such as a considerable serum dependency in its growth rate. Usi...

Recent neuroanatomical and behavioral evidence has indicated that vasopressin (VA) increases pain threshold. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is an important nucleus in pain modulation. Anatomical studies have shown that DRN receives vasopressinergic fibers originating in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of intra-DRN injection of de...

Introduction: Oxytocin is a active neuropeptide of central nervous system. In this study the effects of naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) and yohimbine (α-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist) on analgesic effect of oxytocin applied into the locus coeruleus (LC) nucleus were investigated. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were used. Animals divided into different groups receiving saline, oxy...

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) tegument protein, VP22 has been reported to have the property of intercellular transport. The previous studies have shown that following expression of a fusion protein containing VP22 it spreads to every cell in a monolayer and concentrates in the nucleus. In spite of these reports, some studies have shown that VP22 trafficking and its nucleus accumulatio...