Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic, debilitating, neuropathic pain condition which is often misdiagnosed, difficult to manage, and lacks proven methods for remission. Most available methods provide some relief to a small percentage of patients. Recent FDA approval and superiority of the Nevro Senza 10-kHz high frequency (HF10) spinal cord stimulation (SCS) therapy over tradition...

UNLABELLED Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) presents a therapeutic challenge due to its many presentations and multifaceted pathophysiology. There is no approved treatment algorithm and clinical interventions are often applied empirically. In cases of CRPS where symptoms are localized to an extremity, a targeted treatment is indicated. We describe the use of intrathecal bupivacaine monothe...

BACKGROUND Visual disturbance, visuo-spatial difficulties, and exacerbations of pain associated with these, have been reported by some patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). AIMS We investigated the hypothesis that some visual stimuli (i.e. those which produce ambiguous perceptions) can induce pain and other somatic sensations in people with CRPS. METHODS Thirty patients with ...

BACKGROUND Sex differences have been increasingly highlighted in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in clinical practice. In CRPS type I (CRPS-I), although inflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated in its pathogenesis, whether pain behavior and the underlying mechanism are sex-specific is unclear. In the present study, we sought to explore whether sex differences have an impact ...

This review explains symptoms and nature of neuropeptide signaling and its importance for clinical symptoms of CRPS. Neurogenic inflammation regularly accompanies excitation of primary afferent nociceptors. It has two major components-plasma extravasation and vasodilatation. The most important mediators are the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). After peripheral trauma...

II. Aetna considers sympathetic blocks (e.g., stellate ganglion block [cervical sympathetic block] and lumbar sympathetic block) medically necessary for the treatment of CRPS when conservative treatments, including analgesia and physical therapy, have failed. Up to 3 sympathetic blocks are considered medically necessary to diagnose a member's pain and achieve a therapeutic effect; if the member...

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy is a dysfunctional pain response to a noxious stimulus. It is characterized by pain out of proportion to the inciting event, which may be quite insignificant but can be severe. In its earliest stages reflex sympathetic dystrophy is responsive to sympathetic blockade, pharmacologic agents, other modalities, and physical therapy. Early recognition and treatment is cri...

PURPOSE To determine the availability of relevant and objective outcome measures concerning complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) for rehabilitation medicine. METHOD Outcome measures were classified according to the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps. For each outcome measure a description of concept, operationalization into variables and instrume...

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a definitive chronic pain syndrome which is associated with multiple manifestations and complications which makes this disease very difficult to treat. The frontline treatment option for most patients, after a clinical diagnose of CRPS is with a stellate ganglion nerve block (SGB). This type of nerve block can be helpful with the initial diagnoses of CRP...

This is a review of current literature of noninvasive treatments for pediatric complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). There are a variety of noninvasive approaches to the treatment of pain, but few pediatric-focused studies have been published in regard to CRPS. In comparison with adult CRPS, there is a greater need for behavioral approaches in children to enable coping with difficult symptoms....