Studies of macromolecular crowding have shown its important effects on molecular transport and interactions in living cells. Less clear is the effect of crowding when its influence is incorporated into a complex network of interactions. Here, we explore the effects of crowding in the cell nucleus on a model of gene transcription as a network of reactions involving transcription factors, RNA pol...

Study was carried out to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and its relation with crowding and spacing in orthodontically referred patients in a Karachi sample. 1082 patients were examined (362 males and 720 females) over the period of three years. Malocclusion was categorized according to Angles classification. Study model of each subject was used to assess crowding & spacing in both max...

The concept of the crowding-out effect has been employed in tourism literature to analyse complex phenomena. However, there is limited insight into on tourists by tourists, and even less impact distance tourists. This paper examines relationship between crowding perceptions, tourists' attitudes toward consequences being crowded out. Results from a sample 729 international Hong Kong suggest that...

Macromolecular crowding has long been known to significantly affect protein oligomerization, and yet no direct quantitative measurements appear to have been made of its effects on the binding free energy of the elemental step of adding a single subunit. Here, we report the effects of two crowding agents on the binding free energy of two subunits in the Escherichia coli polymerase III holoenzyme...

Crowding between adjacent letters has been investigated primarily as a spatial effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatio-temporal properties of letter crowding. Specifically, we examined the systematic changes in the degradation effects in letter identification performance when adjacent letters were presented with a temporal asynchrony, as a function of letter separation a...

Fascinating evidence was presented recently that monocrowding with Ficoll 70 (Fc70) improves the refolding speed of VlsE that was unfolded in urea (1). This demonstrated the power of macromolecular crowding as present in cellular interiors. However, we noted that the Fc70 concentrations used in this study (1) are high enough to cause self-crowding (2), meaning compaction of the crowder, thus di...