This paper develops a dynamic two-country neoclassical stochastic growth model with incomplete markets. Short-term credit flows can be excessive and reverse suddenly. The equilibrium outcome is constrained inefficient. First, an undercapitalized country borrows too much since each individual firm does not internalize that an increase in production capacity undermines their output price and ther...

the study was designed to analyze credit receipt and enterprise performance by small scale agro based enterprises in the niger delta region of nigeria. a multistage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 264 agro based enterprises and 96 agro based enterprises that accessed informal and formal credit respectively. the heckman model was used to examine the factors affecting amount of inform...

We examine shocks experienced by rural Nepali households during the COVID-19 pandemic. Households primarily income and price a government-imposed lockdown. During this time, managed to effectively protect consumption, mostly relied on credit (26%), asset sales (10%) savings (8%). Debt levels nearly doubled, with limited changes savings. then leverage long-term randomized control trial (RCT) ass...

This study looked at the factors determining commercialization of smallholder farming in Kenya. The household characteristics were captured by gender head, labour size, age head and education level head. On other hand, farm size application irrigation. intervening variables access to transport, income from non – activities livestock sales. used cross-sectional data based on surveyed 2011 Kenya ...

Is the impact of sales promotion on consumer perception mediated by its hedonic and utilitarian benefits in the context of Indian consumers?  Is gender having a moderating impact on the relationship between the benefits of sales promotion and consumer perception?  Authors examined both questions using a partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings revealed that hedonic ...

In particular business transactions, the supplier usually provides an admissible delay in settlement to its vendor encourage further sales. Additionally, demand for commodity is inversely proportional function of sales price, which non-linear and, some situations, a holding cost rises over time. Moreover, many goods often deteriorate consistently and shall not be sold after their expiration dat...

internal audit is a process affected by an entity ‘s board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives relating to operations, reporting and compliance. this definition reflects certain fundamental concepts. internal control is: • geared to achievement of objectives in one or more categories operations, repor...

An increase in money supply is a signal to expand the financing system economy; thus, non-financial firms with access capital markets and financial institutions stand by side play significant role this situation. This study aims investigate impact of increases on capacity secondary sources achieve goals expansionary monetary policy. In 2011, 399 were listed Pakistan Stock Exchange, after exclud...

This special issue contributes to the development economics literature by highlighting role of information communication and technologies (ICTs) in supporting rural agricultural development. It is comprised nine papers. Key findings from this include: (1) internet use increases consumption diversity productivity; (2) smartphone empowers women household decision-making off-farm work participatio...

Potato is a key food and cash crop in Uganda, mainly produced by smallholder farmers the eastern southwestern highlands of country. This study assessed different factors influencing choice storage technologies Ugandan potato farmers. Data were collected from 240 using structured questionnaires producing districts Uganda. analysed descriptive statistics multinomial probit regression model. Resul...