Creatine is a nitrogen containing compound that serves as an energy shuttle between the mitochondrial sites of ATP production and the cytosol where ATP is utilized. There are two known disorders of creatine synthesis (both transmitted as autosomal recessive traits: arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency; OMIM 602360; and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency (OMIM...

PURPOSE The objective of this study is to verify the beneficial effects of whey protein (WP) supplementation on health promotion and enhance exercise performance in an aerobic-exercise training protocol. METHODS In total, 40 male Institute of Cancer Research mice (4 wk old) were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group): sedentary control with vehicle (SC) or WP supplementation (4.1 g·kg, S...

The purpose of the research was to evaluate the effect of 4-week vitamin C and E supplementation on the markers of oxidative stress after exercise session in students. 30 non-athlete persons (25.21 ± 1.5 years, 173.42 ± 5.62 cm, 75.6±5.75 kg, VO2 max of 42.26 ± 1.11 ml/kg/min, and waist-hip ratio of 0.91 ±0.02 cm) volunteered for the study and were given vitamin C and E supplementation (1000 mg...

Few supplements have a scientifically proven ergogenic effects of improving exercise capacity and/or physical performance in sport. The athletes require specialised nutrition, including precisely good quality supplementation, i.e. tested. Nowadays, more and use nutritional supplementation to improve their sporting both at the elite non-elite levels. In this review, substances such as β-alanine,...

BACKGROUND Human ageing is a process characterized by loss of muscle mass, strength, and bone mass. We aimed to examine the efficacy of low-dose creatine supplementation associated with resistance training on lean mass, strength, and bone mass in the elderly. METHODS This was a 12-week, parallel-group, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The individuals were randomly allocated...

Background/Aims: Caffeine and creatine are 2 of the most widely available and used compounds in sport. Although the use of either is not considered a doping infraction, the evidence does suggest ergogenic potential in certain sports. The purpose of this paper is to review the pharmacology and potential mechanism(s) of action of caffeine and creatine as they pertain to possible use as an ergogen...

M. van der Graaf, D. Klomp, M. Rijpkema, M. Vlak, J. van Asten, G. Padberg, A. Heerschap University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands Synopsis Oral creatine intake is common practice in sports and medicine, but difficult to evaluate in vivo. To monitor the dynamic uptake and clearance of creatine in human skeletal muscle we introduce a new approach using C MRS and a 5 day supplemen...

Background/Aims: Caffeine and creatine are 2 of the most widely available and used compounds in sport. Although the use of either is not considered a doping infraction, the evidence does suggest ergogenic potential in certain sports. The purpose of this paper is to review the pharmacology and potential mechanism(s) of action of caffeine and creatine as they pertain to possible use as an ergogen...

The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of creatine and creatine plus protein supplementation on GLUT-4 and glycogen content of human skeletal muscle. This was investigated in muscles undergoing a decrease (immobilization) and subsequent increase (resistance training) in activity level, compared with muscles with unaltered activity pattern. A double-blind, placebo-controlled tri...