Aim: Scholars are persistent in calling for proactive management of construction characteristics. Lack a feasible model continues to daunt the cost objective sector. A framework was developed guide this process developing one. This research complements recommendation aimed at building projects. 
 Study Design: set prototyped residential design obtained and bill quantities prepared. Histori...

Lack of cost information is a barrier to acceptance 3D woven preforms as reinforcements for composite materials, compared with 2D preforms. A parametric, resource-based technical model (TCM) was developed based on novel relationship equating manufacturing time and preform complexity. Manufacturing time, therefore cost, found scale complexity seventeen bespoke manufactured Two sub-models were de...

This study analyses the concept of cost functions for semi-automated Straddle Carrier (SC), Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) and automated Rail Mounted Gantry (RMG) container yard operating cranes. It develops a generic cost based model for a pair-wise comparison, analysis and evaluation of economic efficiency and effectiveness of container yard equipment to be used for decision-making by terminal pla...