In the inflation cosmic models, the relic gravitational waves (RGW) generated in the inflation stage, and evolved in the universe until now. In the different cosmic evolution models, one can get different gravitational waves spectrum. In this paper, we give a simple formula to estimate the spectrum in a general cosmic model. From this spectrum, one can easily find the relation between the RGW s...

Cosmic ray astronomy attempts to identify and study the sources of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. It is unique in its reliance on charged particles as the information carriers. While no discrete source of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays has been identified so far, a new generation of detectors is acquiring the huge exposure that is needed at the highest energies, where deflection by magnetic fields...

Although thermal pressure is unimportant dynamically in most molecular gas, the temperature is an important diagnostic of dynamical processes and physical conditions. This is the first of two papers on thermal equilibrium in molecular clouds. We present calculations of frictional heating by ion-neutral (or ambipolar) drift in three–dimensional simulations of turbulent, magnetized molecular clou...

A scenario for the generation of the baryon asymmetry in the early Universe is proposed in which cosmic string loops, predicted by theories where the baryon and/or lepton numbers are gauged symmetries, collapse during the friction dominated period of string evolution. This provides a mechanism for the departure from thermal equilibrium necessary to have a nonvanishing baryon asymmetry. Examples...

The Cosmic Dust Analyzer aboard the Cassini spacecraft consists of a several targets as well as a photomultiplier tube which provide information upon collision with ambient dust particles in Saturn’s magnetosphere. Information includes particle mass, velocity, chemical composition, and charge. The focus of this report is the charge of the dust particles; specifically, the processes by which the...

A scenario of galaxy formation is put forward which is a process of sudden condensation just after recombination. It is essentially based on the fact that the cosmic matter gas after recombination is a general relativistic Boltzmann gas which runs within a few 10 years into a state very close to collision–dominated equilibrium. The mass spectrum of axially symmetric condensation ”drops” extends...

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) studies nuclear matter under a variety of conditions. Cold nuclear matter is probed with deuteron-gold collisions, while hot nuclear matter (possibly a quark-gluon plasma (QGP)) is created in heavy-ion collisions. The distribution of spin in polarized nucleons is measured with polarized proton collisions, and photoproduction is studied using the photon...

Red supergiants with their enormous brightness at J-band are ideal probes of cosmic chemical composition. It is therefore crucial to have realistic models of radiative transfer in their atmospheres, which will permit determination of abundances accurate to 0.15 dex, the precision attainable with future telescope facilities in galaxies as distant as tens of Mpc. Here, we study the effects of non...

The separation factor, aM-0= ( 1 8 0 / 1 6 0 ) magnetite/' ( 1 8 0 / 1 6 0 ) atmospheric oxygen, between the magnetite crust of iron meteorites and atmospheric oxygen has been determined to be 0.9946 ± 0.0005. It is concluded that this fractionation of the oxygen isotopes is the consequence of an equilibrium isotope effect at high temperatures. It can be assumed that this is also valid for cosm...

The mean charge states of C, N, O, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, and Ni ions with 115–70 MeV nucleon in the two large solar energetic particle (SEP) events of 1992 October 30 and November 2 have been determined using measurements of the invariant latitude of the cosmic-ray cutoffs of these elements from the Mass Spectrometer Telescope on the polar-orbiting SAMPEX satellite. The deduced cha...