γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory transmitter in the mature brain but is excitatory in the developing cortex. We found that mouse zona incerta (ZI) projection neurons form a GABAergic axon plexus in neonatal cortical layer 1, making synapses with neurons in both deep and superficial layers. A similar depolarizing GABAergic plexus exists in the developing human cortex. Selective...

The auditory cortex (AC) modulates the activity of upstream pathways in brainstem via descending (corticofugal) projections. This feedback system plays an important role plasticity by shaping response properties neurons many subcortical nuclei. majority layer (L) 5 corticofugal project to inferior colliculus (IC). corticocollicular (CC) pathway is involved processing complex sounds, auditory-re...

objectives: this study sought to assess the relation of mandibular cortical index (mci) with age, gender and gonial angle size in an iranian adult population using digital panoramic radiography. methods: we evaluated 370 digital panoramic radiographs of patients and divided them into five 10-year age groups. each radiograph was assigned to low (≤120°) or high (≥125°) angle groups in terms of th...

Layer 5 pyramidal neurons comprise an important but heterogeneous group of cortical projection neurons. In motor-frontal cortex, these neurons are centrally involved in the cortical control of movement. Recent studies indicate that local excitatory networks in mouse motor-frontal cortex are dominated by descending pathways from layer 2/3 to 5. However, those pathways were identified in experime...

The cerebral cortex is a vastly complex structure consisting of multiple distinct populations of neurons residing in functionally specialized cortical compartments. A fundamental goal in systems neuroscience is to understand the interactions among cortical neurons and their relationship to behavior. It is hypothesized that dynamic activity patterns, such as oscillations in global neuronal activ...

Primary dissociated neuronal cultures are widely used research tools to investigate of pathological mechanisms and to treat various central and peripheral nervous system problems including trauma and degenerative neuronal diseases. We introduced a protocol that utilizes hippocampal and cortical neurons from embryonic day 17 or 18 mice. We applied appropriate markers (GAP-43 and synaptophysin) t...

We have examined the distribution of cortical neurons in adult monkey cortex which stain for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), an enzyme which is involved in the synthesis of nitric oxide. In order to compare distributions across areas we employed a cortical unit defined as the radial column, which refers to the volume of cortex below 1 mm(2) of cortical surface....

Cortical neurons consist of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, whose connections construct highly organized neuronal circuits that control higher order information processing. Recent progress in live imaging has allowed us to examine how these neurons differentiate during development in vivo or in in vivo-like conditions. These analyses have revealed how the in...

–Stimulation of basal forebrain neurons elicits regional cerebral blood flow increases which are reportedly mediated by acetylcholine and nitric oxide. However, the modality of interaction between these two mediators remains unclear. Particularly, little is known about the source, i.e. endothelial, glial and/or neuronal, of the potent gaseous vasodilator nitric oxide. In the present study, we e...

Single neurons in the auditory midbrain are sharply tuned to preferred directions, while cortical neurons show broader tuning. (King et al, 2007) Recent experiments on cortical responses in birds revealed the emergence of spatial tuning to multiple competing sounds in the cortex. (Maddox et al, 2012) In this situation cortical neurons show broad tuning to single-location stimuli, but develop sh...