Optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are key devices for optical communication and sensors. FBGs are based on a periodic variation in the refractive index of the fiber core and allow for the reflection of a narrowband signal centered at a specific Bragg wavelength. Over the last two decades, FBGs have been manufactured mainly by modifying the core refractive index using interferometric or point-b...

We have employed our recently developed Green’s function formalism to study the dielectric behavior of a model membrane, formed by two periodic interfaces separating two media of different dielectric constants. The Maxwell’s equations are converted into a surface integral equation; thus it greatly simplifies the solutions and yields accurate results for membranes of arbitrary shape. The integra...

To date, research on the visual control of locomotion, or optic flow, has been treated largely as a computational problem wherein formal descriptions are sought to character-ise the change in the image pattern on the retina that results from observer translation with concomitant eye rotation (se Lappe et al 1999, for details). Various models have been proposed (see Hildreth and Royden 1998, for...

In August 2009 the Sun illuminated Saturn's rings from almost exactly edge-on, revealing a subtle corrugation that extends across the entire C ring. This corrugation's amplitude is 2 to 20 meters and its wavelength is 30 to 80 kilometers. Radial trends in the corrugation's wavelength indicate that this structure--like a similar corrugation previously identified in the D ring--results from diffe...

This paper aims to evaluate the dynamic response and failure mechanism of corrugated core composite metal sandwich structures under complicated fluid-structure interaction. Firstly, a reliable numerical model is established in ABAQUS/Explicit using Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method. Subsequently, influence slamming velocity aluminum direction on studied virtue hydrodynamic force, deflect...

Solid waste management (SWM) is an integral part of environmental system. This study focused on the production urban solid waste, amount each and revenue from recyclable materials in Erbil City, Iraq's Kurdistan Region. The results show that average generation rate municipal (MSW) was around 1.338 kg/capita/day. Also, MSW usually contained combustibles (60%), non-combustibles (5%), (35%). weigh...

The classic first-order thrust approximation for solar sails is analytically extended to include the effects of secondary reflections and generalized in a practical Finite Element Model (FEM) based routine. Examination and inclusion of secondary reflection forces are shown to grow increasingly non-trivial as the deformation becomes more extreme. The approach taken herein does not address the “b...

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a statistical method useful in the modeling and analysis of problems in which the response variable receives the influence of several independent variables, in order to determine which are the conditions under which should operate these variables to optimize a corrugated box production process. The purpose of this research is to create response surface mode...