We have used video time-lapse microscopy to analyze in vitro the interactions of growth cones of newborn rat dorsal root ganglion cells with dissociated young rat CNS glial cells present in the cultures at low density. To provide optimal conditions for neurite extension, cells were grown on laminin and in NGF-supplemented medium. Our initial observation showed that there are 2 subpopulations of...

Cone snails use an extensile, tubular proboscis as a conduit to deliver a potent cocktail of bioactive venom peptides into their prey. Previous studies have focused mainly on understanding the venom's role in prey capture but successful prey capture requires both rapid physiological and biomechanical mechanisms. Conus catus, a fish-hunting species, uses a high-speed hydraulic mechanism to injec...

The shutoff of active intermediates in the phototransduction cascade and the reconstitution of the visual pigment play key roles in the recovery of sensitivity after the exposure to bright light in both rod and cone photoreceptors. Physiological evidence from bleached salamander rods suggests this recovery of sensitivity occurs faster at the outer segment base compared with the tip. Microfluoro...

The cyclic fatigue resistance of K3 and EndoSequence files was compared by rotating files against a highly polished surface inclined at 15 degrees to the horizontal. For each brand, files with a 25 tip in .04 and .06 taper and files with a 40 tip in .04 and .06 taper were tested at both 300 and 600 rpm. A 3-mm axial movement simulated a clinical pecking motion at 1 cycle per second. The number ...

Comparison of atom probe tomography (APT) results from different instruments, different users, or different samples requires confidence in overall reconstruction accuracy. The conventional reconstruction algorithm utilizes a single point-projection onto a spherical surface [1,2]. Although there are a limited number of parameters used to prescribe how detector events are converted to a 3D set of...

The stomatostylet of Criconemoides curvature consists of three parts: tooth cone, shaft, and knobs. The tooth cone constitutes the outer conical covering and inner lining of the anterior half of the stylet lumen. The tooth cone is easily separated from the shaft by treating an isolated styler with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. The posterior half of the shaft is cylindrical, tapering anteriorly to f...

The energetics, interfacial properties, instabilities, and fragmentation patterns of electrosprays made from formamide salt solutions are investigated in a mass spectrometric vacuum electrospray experiment and using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The electrospray source is operated in a Taylor cone-jet mode, with the nanojet that forms being characterized by high surface-normal electric f...

Laser-driven ion acceleration is an attractive technique to generate compact high-energy sources. Currently, among various physical and technical issues be solved, boosting the energy reducing spread represent key challenges with this technique. Here we present a scheme tackle these by using hundred-terawatt-class laser pulse irradiating cone target. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulatio...

Twisting a thin elastic ribbon is known to produce localised deformation pattern resembling cone whose tip located on the edge of ribbon. Using theory inextensional ribbons, we present matched asymptotic analysis these singularities for ribbons width-to-length ratio w/ℓ≪1 small. An inner layer solution derived from finite-w Wunderlich model and captures fast, local variations bending twisting s...

The FIB Instrument The basic functions of the FIB, namely, imaging and sputtering with an ion beam, require a highly focused beam. A consistent tenet of any focused beam is that the smaller the effective source size, the more current that can be focused to a point. Unlike the broad ion beams generated from plasma sources, high-resolution ion beams are defined by the use of a field ionization so...