The goal of hand allotransplantation is to achieve graft survival and useful long-term function. To achieve these goals, precise surgical technique is of critical importance. The key surgical steps and sequence of events in hand allotransplantation are similar to major upper extremity replantations, but are modified to accommodate major conceptual differences that exist between the two procedures.

objective: the incidence of heart valve disease is increasing worldwide and the number of heart valve replacements is expected to increase in the future. by mimicking the main tissue structures and properties of heart valve, tissue engineering offers new options for the replacements. applying an appropriate scaffold in fabricating tissue-engineered heart valves (tehvs) is of importance since it...

BACKGROUND In scalp allotransplantation, the scalp from a brain-dead donor, including hair, is transferred to a recipient with scalp defects. Opinions differ on the appropriateness of scalp allotransplantation. In order to maintain graft function and cosmetic outcomes, scalp transplantation recipients would need to receive lifelong immunosuppression treatments. The risks of this immunosuppressi...

INTRODUCTION: Autoimmunity and rejection after transplantation must still be overcome in the technical development of islet transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. It is therefore necessary to inhibit rejection of islet grafts while maintaining the graft’s ability to secrete insulin. Although the use of immunosuppressants reduces the acute rejection rate in transplant patients, lo...