In his 1987 classic book on multiple imputation (MI), Rubin used the fraction of missing information, γ, to define the relative efficiency (RE) of MI as RE = (1 + γ/m)-1/2, where m is the number of imputations, leading to the conclusion that a small m (≤5) would be sufficient for MI. However, evidence has been accumulating that many more imputations are needed. Why would the apparently sufficie...

The use of laser, as a remote sensory instrument, has been in a developing stage for over 30 years. Starting in 1995, the commercial development of Light Detection and Ranging technology (LIDAR) grew fast and became an important technique for obtaining data of digital model of land, as well as digital model of surfaces. In Brazil, the first use of mapping with LIDAR, was performed in 2001 by an...