background: the criteria for the quality control of iranian fresh produce are the total microbial count, enterococcal count and the detection of escherichia coli. the aim of this study was to assess microbial contamination of fresh vegetable and salad samples consumed in tehran, iran. methods: from may to october 2013, freshly vegetable (n=100) and salads (n=100) samples were randomly collected...

background and objectives : shigella, causative of bacillary dysentery, has two colony forms. the loss of large virulence plasmid from virulent shigella sonnei form i, during cell storage and subculturing, lead to avirulent form ii. environmental factors, e.g. culture media composition, could affect the conversion of the bacterial forms. materials and methods : in this study, some components, i...

The sequential emergence of specific T lymphocyte-mediated immune reactivity directed against multiple distinct myelin epitopes (epitope spreading) has been associated with clinical relapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on this association, an appealing and plausible model for immune-mediated progression of the advancing c...

Chloride ion efflux is an early event occurring after exposure of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in suspension to several agonists, including cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) and granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (Shimizu, Y., R.H. Daniels, M,A. Elmore, M.J. Finnen, M.E. Hill, and J.M. Lackie. 1993. Biochem. Pharmacol. 9:1743-1751). We have studied...

[1] The Osbourn Trough is a fossil spreading center that rifted apart the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus during Cretaceous time. Previous models of the Osbourn spreading center are based on data collected near the trough axis, and therefore only constrain the history of the Osbourn spreading center during the last few Ma of spreading. Our data set includes multibeam data collected northward to...