this article is an attempt to survey the contraction and cancellation of the reuter’s agreement as a one-sided approach and from special perspective, by using minimalistic ideology and with emphasis on multi-sided and various reasons and factors effective in the process of this contract.  on the basis of this research, in this contraction, different factors came together and augmented one anoth...

English language teaching departments have been regarded as neutral and prestigious for more than a century. However, the colonial, neocolonial, postcolonial neoliberal practices of these are forgotten. In this study, we aim to deconstruct ideology develop critical perspective within framework pedagogy discourse analysis. Both two approaches analyze power, power relations, forms knowledge subje...

To address intensifying social and environmental challenges, development policy must learn from inclusions exclusions of past discourses. We analyse Kenya's post-colonial agricultural discourse. Our analysis reveals a near-exclusive focus on the promotion modernisation based industrial farm inputs, bureaucratic state and/or ‘the liberalised market’. It was with this thrust to modernise that sma...

In 2020, a WeChat mini-programme called the Dunhuang E-Tour (云游敦煌) was launched during COVID-19 pandemic to showcase one of China’s most important religious heritage sites, Mogao Grottoes (also known as Caves), and it attracted considerable number online tourists. Unlike colonial image in Chinese public discourse, does not focus on Dunhuang’s history; rather, provides dynamic interactive repres...

tonia solani Kühn) and red thread [caused by Laetisaria fuciformis (McAlpine) Burdsall] (Beard, 1973; Brilman, Bentgrass species (Agrostis spp.) are cool season turfgrasses that 2001a). However, some cultivars of colonial bentgrass are tolerant of continuous, close mowing heights because of their prostrate growth habit. Some bentgrass species are difficult to distinare beginning to show improve...

Body size and temperature are fundamental drivers of ecological processes because they determine metabolic rates at the individual level. Whether these drivers act independently on individual-level metabolic rates remains uncertain. Most studies of intraspecific scaling of unitary organisms must rely on preexisting differences in size to examine its relationship with metabolic rate, thereby pot...

The British colonial state in India was continually forced to grapple with the forms of law and governance appropriate to Indian society. This question of the necessary, possible, and desirable relationship between colonial law and Indian social life produced a plethora of policies and dilemmas. It also created a new political significance for issues demarcated as social, particularly those rel...

This paper examines the origins, spread and practices of professional forestry in Southeast Asia, focusing on key sites in colonial and post-colonial Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Part 1, in an earlier issue of this journal, challenged popular and scholarly accounts of colonial forestry as a set of simplifying practices exported from Europe and applied in the European colonies. We showed th...

Pili are hairlike filamentous appendages which extend several micrometers from the bacterial surface and have long had an important role in the pathogenesis of gonococcal infections. Pioneering studies by Kellogg et al. demonstrated that a loss of virulence was observed when gonococci were subjected to repeated laboratory subculture and that this change was associated with a change in colony mo...

Colonial nurses were ideal agents of colonial medicine's supposed beneficence: while practising and teaching "hygiene", they also reinforced racial and cultural separation. In some cases, however, the nurses took their role as healers and teachers of local populations much more seriously than was authorized implicitly by their employer. This article analyses the circulation of original life wri...