The role of an individual in a group depends on the other individuals, context, ideas, and factors; is never only individual. If this confirmed with experiments social psychology logic, it undermined liability regime that still largely treats individuals as individuals. This paper thus examines how present forms deal groups. Terms such “take into account circumstances case”, “establish shares d...

During debate on the 1977 Social Security Amendments, it was suggested that the impact on firms of a change in the mamximum taxable amount under the social security program would in part depend on the size of the firm. This study analyzes the relationship between increases in employer payroll-tax liability and both firm size and industry group. The authors conclude that there are substantial fi...

This study intended to review the precedents on plastic surgery medical malpractice lawsuits in lower-court trials, classify the reasons of 'limitation of liability' by type, and suggest a standard in the acknowledgement of limitation of liability ratio. The 30 lower-court's rulings on the cases bearing the medical negligence of the defendants acknowledged the liability ratio of the defendants ...

the current paper aims to examine the liability observed in sphere of presentation of goods and services with the infraction of special codes and regulations related to advertising or general codes or regulations of liability with contractual or non-contractual basis. specifically, there are not any mentions about all kinds of these liabilities in the rules of iran. the current research, which ...

the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil fascilitated holding directors liable for corporate debt. nevertheless, the doctrine is not a seperate cause of action. directors are bound by fiduciary duty, duty of loyalty and duty of care and skill to the corporation and its shareholders. however, there is not such a contractual relationship between directors and creditors. thus, requiring directo...

We study the liability structure decisions(short-term debt choices) of banks in a general equilibrium setting with multiple banks, depositors and external investors. The externalities appear through secondary market prices (positive) and overall systemic risk (negative). The private optimal choices are positively (negatively) correlated when the sign of the aggregate externality is positive (ne...