background : giardia lamblia and helicobacter pylori are two flagellate microorganisms that grow in duodenum and stom­ach. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of them in patients with dyspepsia and other gi disorders. methods: in this cross-sectional study, co-infection of above-mentioned agents was investigated in a group of 130 patients [me­dian age of 40 yr (range=11-79) inc...

Interleukin- (IL-) 10, anti-inflammatory cytokine, is known to inhibit the protective immune responses against malaria parasites and to be involved in exacerbating parasitemia during Plasmodium infection. In contrast, IL-10 is regarded as necessary for suppressing severe pathology during Plasmodium infection. Here, we summarize the role of IL-10 during murine malaria infection, focusing especia...

Coinfection in RNA virus populations results in two important phenomena, complementation and recombination. Of the two, complementation has a strong effect on selection against deleterious mutations, as has been confirmed in earlier studies. As complementation delays the purging of less-fit mutations, coinfection may be detrimental to the evolution of a virus population. Here we employ both det...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection occurs in an estimated one quarter of HIV-infected persons in Europe, Australia, and the United States. As use of highly active antiretroviral drugs has markedly reduced opportunistic infections, HCV-related liver disease has emerged as a leading cause of death. HIV infection adversely affects both the natural history and the treatment of hepatitis C. Because...

Given the shared risk factors for transmission, coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV is common. HIV infection increases the risk of chronic HBV infection and hastens the progression of liver disease in patients with chronic HBV infection. The treatment of chronic HBV infection needs to be carefully coordinated with HIV management in HBV-HIV coinfected patients. The main goals of tre...

The approach to the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patient who is also infected with HIV or hepatitis C virus (HCV) is very different from the approach to the patient with only one virus infection. HBV/HIV coinfection is common. Agents that have dual activity against HBV and HIV should be considered as treatment of choice in combination regimens in HBV/HIV-coinfected patients beginning antire...

INTRODUCTION Sex workers (SWs) are vulnerable to HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis coinfection. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tubarão, Laguna, and Imbituba, Southern Brazil. We surveyed 147 SWs using face-to-face interviews and blood sampling for serological evaluation. RESULTS Prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) was 23.1%, syphilis 19.7%, hepatitis C (HCV) 8.8%, and HIV 8.8%. Of ...