Despite the recent accumulation of theoretical and empirical studies on avian influenza viruses (AIVs), the interactions among the diverse pool of strains remain poorly understood. One potential reason is multiple transmission routes. In this paper, we explore the behavior of a two-strain mathematical model of AIV dynamics with lifelong immunity to understand how the combination of direct and e...

There is little debate about the potential of environmental heterogeneity to facilitate species diversity. However, attempts to show the relationship between spatial heterogeneity and diversity empirically have given mixed results. One reason for this may be the failure to consider how species respond to the factor in the environment that varies. Most models of the heterogeneity-diversity relat...

1. The aggregation model of coexistence states that intraspecific aggregation over patches stabilizes species coexistence and allows high diversity in patchy systems.The model is reviewed, with emphasis on the methods of analysis of aggregation data. Essential improvements in existing methods of analysis are presented. 2. The density, rather than the number, of competitors is important when pat...

Using a spatially explicit mathematical model for water-limited vegetation we show that spatial instabilities of uniform states can lead to species coexistence under conditions where uniformly distributed species competitively exclude one another. Coexistence is made possible when water-rich patches formed by a pattern forming species provide habitats for a highly dispersive species that is a b...

The lottery model of competition between species in a variable environmental has been influential in understanding how coexistence may result from interactions between fluctuating environmental and competitive factors. Of most importance, it has led to the concept of the storage effect as a mechanism of species coexistence. Interactions between environment and competition in the lottery model s...

The use of unlicensed spectrum for future LTE systems raises concerns about its impact on co-located Wi-Fi networks. As specifications are being developed, simulation has been widely employed for assessing the performance of coexistence mechanisms for LTE on unlicensed bands. We report herein on extensions to a popular network simulator, known as ns-3, to model such coexistence. To our knowledg...