Background: The repeated freeze-thaw events during cold season, freezing of soils in autumn and thawing in spring are typical for the tundra, boreal, and temperate soils. The thawing of soils during winter-summer transitions induces the release of decomposable organic carbon and acceleration of soil respiration. The winter-spring fluxes of CO2 from permanently and seasonally frozen soils are es...

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) causing global warming. The atmospheric CO2 concentration increased by more than 30% since pre-industrial times – primarily due to burning of fossil fuels – and still continues to increase. Reporting of CO2 emissions is required by the Kyoto protocol. Independent verification of reported emissions, which are typially ...

The effect of spatial variability of the atmospheric CO2 distribution on temperature and water vapor retrievals from high spectral resolution observations of infrared emission is estimated by performing 4 different retrieval experiments. Using a global mean CO2 value, as currently routinely used, introduces errors in the retrieved temperature profile of up to 0.85 K compared to a retrieval in w...

Vehicle Emission is one of the main causes of environmental damage. Vehicle engines produce carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and many other harmful substances. An investigation was conducted using a compression-ignition engine fuelled with different ratios of blends of diesel and biodiesel at different EGR rates. The effects of different ratios of fuel blends and EG...

Modern trends in iron metallurgy. Global carbon emissions from iron production. New solution for iron and steelmaking in a way reduce the CO2 emission to the level, where this might be needed in the post Kyoto period. New blast furnace technology, which operate with very low CO2 emissions based on drastically reduced consumption of carbon containing input materials. Injection of reducing gases ...

Coupled surface-atmosphere models are being used with increased frequency to make predictions of tropospheric chemistry on a 'future' earth characterized by a warmer climate and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. One of the key inputs to these models is the emission of isoprene from forest ecosystems. Most models in current use rely on a scheme by which global change is coupled to changes ...

This paper addresses the problem of reducing CO2 emissions by applying convex optimal power flow model to the combined economic and emission dispatch problem. The large amount of CO2 emissions in the power industry is a major source of global warming effect. An efficient and economic approach to reduce CO2 emissions is to formulate the emission reduction problem as emission dispatch problem and...

Water control is mainly one of the key factors that can affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of intermittent drainage compared to continuous flooding (conventional water regime) on N2O emission to global warming potential (GWP) with NPK (standard cultivation practice), NPK+Straw, and PK fertilizations. Nitrous oxide emission rates we...

Modeling the optimal bid of wind power producers as price-makers is paramount for understanding the effect of their large-scale participation in electricity markets. We consider the problem of a wind power producer being a price-taker in the day-ahead market, but a price-maker in the balancing market, who aims at optimizing the expected revenues from these market floors. The problem is formulat...