This is a comprehensive review of biological abnormalities observed in bipolar/unipolar mood disorders. We do not ignore that conflicting results may be found in the literature, but attempted, nevertheless, to summarize the currents trends. Hypotheses: decreased sensitivity of pituitary glucocorticoid receptors to dexamethasone and/or hyperresponsivity of the adrenal gland to ACTH stimulation a...

Integrated experimental and computational studies reveal a new mechanism for Fe-catalyzed imidazoline synthesis through combined nitrene transfer acetonitrile attack of styrenyl radical intermediate.

Zolpidem, an imidazoline nonbenzodiazepine sedative drug, is used widely. Initial reports showed minimal abuse potential. However, multiple reports have appeared of dose escalation and abuse. Subjective effects of high-dose zolpidem are not known. In light of accumulating evidence of abuse potential, we hereby report a case of high-dose dependence and a review of relevant literature. A 33-year-...

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, CH(6)N(3) (+)·C(2)H(8)N(+)·C(10)H(6)O(6)S(2) (2-), consists of one dimethyl-ammonium cation, one guanidinium cation, and two half naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate anions, which lie on inversion centers. N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions into layers parallel to the ab plane. The layers have a sandwich-like structure, with the sulfonate groups and ...

In the title compound, CH(6)N(3) (+)·C(16)H(31)O(4)S(2) (-) [systematic name: guanidinium 2-(tetra-deca-noylsulfan-yl)ethane-sulfon-ate], each 2-(myristoyl-thio)-ethane-sulfonate ion displays hydrogen bonding to three guanidinium counter-ions, which themselves display hydrogen bonding to two symmetry-related 2-(myristoylthio)ethanesulfonate ions. Thus each cation forms six N-H⋯O bonds to neighb...

The effects of newly synthesized 5-imidazoline derivatives on the dose-response relationship to norepinephrine were investigated in the normal and denervated vasa deferentia of the rat. Three derivatives (K-3827, K-4011 and K-4300) exerted alpha-antagonistic action, the potency of which was similar to that of tolazoline. The pA2 values of these derivatives and currently known alpha-antagonists ...

BACKGROUND The role of noradrenergic system in the control of nociception is documented in some vertebrate animals. However, there are no data showing the role of this system on nociception in the marsh terrapins. METHODOLOGY In this study, the antinociceptive action of intrathecal administration of the α 2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine and α 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine was evalu...

BACKGROUND Indirect evidence supports a role of spinal cholinergic neurons in tonically reducing response to noxious mechanical stimulation and in effecting analgesia from alpha2-adrenergic agonists. This study directly assessed the role of cholinergic neurons in regulating the level of mechanical allodynia and in participating in the antiallodynic effect of the clinically used alpha2-adrenergi...