Uncertainties associated with the representation of various physical processes in global climate models (GCMs) mean that, when projections from GCMs are used in climate change impact studies, the uncertainty propagates through to the impact estimates. A complete treatment of this 'climate model structural uncertainty' is necessary so that decision-makers are presented with an uncertainty range ...

Higher-order properties arise naturally in some areas of climate impact research. For example, “vulnerability measures”, crucial in assessing the vulnerability to climate change of various regions and entities, must fulfill certain conditions which are best expressed by quantification over all increasing functions of an appropriate type. This kind of property is notoriously difficult to test. H...

Tourism, being volatile and situation-specific, is responsive to climate change. A crosssection analysis is conducted on destinations of OECD tourists and a factor and regression analysis on holiday activities of Dutch tourists, to find optimal temperatures at travel destination for different tourists and different tourist activities. Globally, OECD tourists prefer a temperature of 21 ◦C (avera...

The El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects many parts of the globe, particularly in the tropics where changes in rainfall and temperature due to the varying phase of ENSO are the single largest source of year-toyear change. Clear ENSO influences on the extratropics are found over North America and Australia but Atlantic links are much less clear. In this short paper we review some of the...

We analyse the influence of climate on average life satisfaction in 87 countries using data from the World Values Survey. Climate is described in terms of ‘degree-months’ calculated using an optimallyselected base temperature of 65°F (18.3°C). Our results suggest that countries with climates characterised by a large number of degree-months enjoy significantly lower levels of life satisfaction. ...

Letters Giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath-an unusual cause for lockinG of the knee joint. Editor, Locking of the knee is a common presentation at orthopaedic outpatient departments. These patients normally require magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) where there is a clinical suspicion of a soft tissue lesion. The most common lesions are meniscal tears and typically present with associated pai...

Demographers predict human life expectancy will continue to increase over the coming century. These forecasts are based on two critical assumptions: advances in medical technology will continue apace and the environment that sustains us will remain unchanged. The consensus of the scientific community is that human activity contributes to global climate change. That change will degrade air and w...

[1] A comprehensive general circulation model (GCM) is used to estimate the climate impact of aviation emissions of black carbon (BC) and sulfate (SO4) aerosols. Aviation BC is found not to exert significant radiative forcing impacts, when BC nucleating efficiencies in line with observations are used. Sulfate emissions from aircraft are found to alter liquid clouds at altitudes below emission (...